1. Newspapers, magazines, and blogs (pop science)
Journal Articles, technical reports, and patents
Trade Magazines
Newspapers, magazines, and blogs (pop science)

2. Diodes
A diode is a semiconductor device that only allows current to flow in one direction.
Rectification

3. Light Emitting Diodes Uses 1/10 the energy of incandescent lighting.
Lasts 10 times longer.

4. Photodiodes (Photocell)
Reverse bias leakage current is proportional to light intensity.
Thorlabs.com
Circuit from Lab 1:

5. Used for Amplifiers and Logic Circuits
Transistors
Used for Amplifiers and Logic Circuits
MOSFET
BJT

6. Vacuum Tube Amplifiers

7. Computer programs used to actually contain bugs!
Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer (ENIAC)
Built by the US Army in 1946.
17,468 vacuum tubes!
Computer programs used to actually contain bugs!

8. The First Solid-state Trasistor
Invented at Bell Labs in 1947 by John Bardeen, Walter Houser Brattain, and William Bradford Shockley

9. Integrated Circuits (I.C.s)
Solid state transistors can be fabricated en masse on a silicon substrate!

10. Integrated Circuits (I.C.s)

11. Moore’s Law
We can print over 1 billion transistors on a single chip!

12. MEMS Devices “interdigitated” electrodes
Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) have largely replace gyroscopes for intertial measurements.
3-axis gyro from an iPhone 4

13. Operational Amplifier Circuit

14. Integrated Circuits (I.C.s)
Wafers are diced up and packaged as IC chips.
DIP – “Dual inline package”

15. Op-Amps and Analog Computers
Analog computers – a number is represented as a single voltage
Differentiator
Summing amplifier
Integrator

16. Analog Computer: P.I.D. Control Loop
Proportional, Integral, Derivative control loop
Temperature controller – Heater power is adjusted proportional to the difference between the desired setpoint and actual Temperature. Adding the integral derivative improves accuracy and stability.

17. P.I.D. Op-Amp Circuit

18. Digital Computers
Digital computers – numbers are represented by several voltages in “binary code”
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
bit
voltage 0V 3V
51 in 8-bit binary code is
Double precision floating-point variable – 64 bits or 8 bytes
Single precision floating-point variable – 32 bits or 4 bytes

19. Parallel vs. Serial Parallel – N wires carry N bits simultaneously
Serial – Single wire, binary data sent as “packets 1
8 bits sent in parallel