1. CO2 ANALYZER
Group 3

2. Group Members
Kate Otiwaa Adewumi Abigail Mabel Kelvin David Misiame Eric Goji Obadiah Asilevi Eric Dadzie Bismarck

3. Outline What are CO2 Analyzers ? Types of CO2 Analyzers.
Mass Spectromery
Raman Scattering
Calometric Analyser
Infrared Absorption Spectrophotometry (IRAS)
IRAS In Detail
Block Diagram
Mode of Operation
Calculations
Application of CO2 Analyzers

4. CO2 Analyzers
Carbon dioxide analyzers are also called CO2 gas analyzers
They are devices that can detect and quantify the amount of carbon dioxide in a sample.
The commonest technologies applied are based on Infrared detectors, owing to the fact that CO2 is an excellent absorber of infrared energy.
Carbon dioxide can be measured in percent (%) and parts per million (ppm) depending on the requirements of the application.

5. Different Types of CO2 Analyzers
Classification is based on the Capnographic Device employed for the analysis.
(Capnography is the monitoring of the concentration or partial pressure of carbon dioxide (CO. 2) in the respiratory gases. Its main development has been as a monitoring tool for use during anesthesia and intensive care.)
We have :
Mass Spectrometry
Raman Scattering
Colorimetric Analyzer
Infrared Absorption Spectrophotometry (IRAS)

6. Mass Spectrometry
Measures concentration of CO2 largely on basis of molecular weight.
CO2 passes through an ionizer creating ion fragments.
These fragments are accelerated in a vacuum through a high magnetic field.
The magnetic field separates the fragments by their mass and charge.
The fragments are deflected onto a detector plate, where CO2 has a specific landing site.
The processor section calculates the concentration of CO2.

7. Mode of Operation – Mass Spectrometry

8. Raman Scattering
Photons generated by a high-intensity argon laser collide with CO2.
After impact, CO2 is momentarily excited to unstable vibrational and rotatory state.
When CO2 returns to the normal state, photons of a characteristic frequency are emitted.
The scattered photons are measured as peaks in a spectrum that determines the concentration.

9. Mode of Operation - Raman Scattering

10. Colorimetric Analysis
Colorimetric analysis is a method of determining the concentration of a chemical element or chemical compound.
In a solution with the aid of a color reagent. It is applicable to both organic compounds and inorganic compounds and may be used with or without an enzymatic stage.

11. Mode of Operation - Calorimetric Analysis

12. Infrared Absorption Spectrophotometry
Infrared spectrophotometry exploits the fact that molecules absorb specific frequencies that are characteristic of their structure.
These absorptions are resonant frequencies, i.e. the frequency of the absorbed radiation matches the transition energy of the bond or group that vibrates.
The sample absorbs the incident Laser energy at a given frequency and emits light, which is characteristic to the composition of sample.

13. Infrared Absorption Spectrophotometry (IRAS)
Most commonly used method

14. Description Of Block Diagram
An infrared light source - produces infrared energy. CO2 absorbs light with a characteristic peak at a wavelength close to 4300nm.
An optical path
A detection system - calibrated to determine the concentration of CO2 by creating electric currents.

15. Infrared Absorption Spectrophotometry
A signal processor - Analyze electric currents created by detectors.
Transforms current change to a measurement. The capnogram is an oscilloscopic representation of the electrical current changes over time.
The signal-processing section has a memory section that correlates the absorbed energy with a concentration as predicted by the Lambert-Beer law.

16. Beer Lamberts Law
Lambert Beer's law is a mathematical means of expressing how light is absorbed by matter.
The law states that the amount of light emerging from a sample is diminished by three physical phenomena:

17. Calculation – Derivation Of Molar Concentration
The amount of absorbing material in its pathlength (concentration)
The distance the light must travel through the sample (optical pathlength OPL)
The probability that the photon of that particular wavelength will be absorbed by the material (absorptivity or extinction coefficient)
This relationship may be expressed as: A = εdc

18. Calculations – Derivation of Molar Concentration
Where:
A = absorbance
ε = molar extinction coefficient
d = pathlength in cm
c = molar concentration

19. Infrared CO2 Monitors Categories
Sidestream Capnographs -
a fixed volume of gas is continuously sampled from the circuit via a sample tubing
The sampled gas is aspirated through nylon or Teflon tubing into the measuring cell and then released into the atmosphere or returned to the circuit through a second tube
Sampling should take place as close to the patient as possible to minimize the effects of circuit dead space
The rate is usually adjusted to between 50 and 500 mL/min
There are several sources of potential error :
Water vapor, liquids and particulate matter can enter the measuring cell and produce erroneous readings (filters and water traps help to minimize these factors )
Response time delay (can be minimized by using short tubing with a small lumen and high sample flow rates)
CO2 can diffuse out of sample tubing and cause falsely low readings

20. Mainstream Capnographs
incorporate the infrared sensor into the circuit very close to the endotracheal tube (thus many problems with sidestream capnometry have been eliminated)
No complicated sampling system because CO2 is measured directly in the circuit and no gas is subtracted
Minimized effects of breathing circuit and sample tubing dead space and faster response time
Require frequent calibration, usually daily, and are prone to soiling with saliva or mucus because of their close proximity to the patient.

22. Applications Of CO2 Analyzers
. Carbon dioxide analyzers are used in
Pharmaceutical industry
Food and beverage industry,
Research and development,
Chemical and Medical laboratories and in
Environmental sciences for monitoring purposes and quality control.

23. References
Raemer DB, Calalang I (April 1991). "Accuracy of end-tidal carbon dioxide tension analyzers“ Jaffe MB (September 2008). "Infrared measurement of carbon dioxide in the human breath: "breathe-through" devices from Tyndall to the present day“ Potter, Patricia Ann, and Anne Griffin Perry. "Nutrition." Essentials for nursing practice. Eighth ed. St. Louis: Elsevier,

24. Thank You
END OF PRESENTATION