1. Photogrammetry 1 1

2. Introduction
Photogrammetry: the science, art, and technology of obtaining reliable information from photographs.
Two major areas: metric, and interpretative.
Terrestrial and aerial Photogrammetry.
Uses of Photogrammetry: topographic mapping, determine precise point coordinates, cross sections, deflection monitoring, and many other applications.
Why Photogrammetry? 2 2

5. Aerial Cameras
For precise results, cameras must be geometrically stable, fast, have efficient shutters, sharp lenses
Single-lens frame cameras: figure 27-2
most used format size is 9”, focal length 6 in
components: lens, shutter, diaphragm, filter, focal plane, fiducial marks.
shutters can be operated manually or automatically.
The camera could be leveled regardless of the plane orientation.
Exposure station and principal point.
Camera calibration. 3 5

8. Aerial Photographs
True Vertical: if the camera axis is exactly vertical, or near vertical.
Tilted Photographs
Oblique photographs: high and low
Vertical Photos are the most used type for surveying applications 4 7

11. Geometry of Vertical Photographs
Figure 27-6
Define: image coordinate system (right handed), principal point, exposure station.
Measurements could be done using negatives or diapositives, same geometry.
Strips and Blocks.
Sidelap (about 30%), and Endlap (about 60%), why? 5 8

12. Endlap (about 60%)
Sidelap (about 30%),

15. Scale of a Vertical Photograph
Figure 28-6
Scale of a photograph is the ratio of a distance on a photo to the same distance on the ground.
Photographs are not maps, why?
Scale of a map and scale of a photograph.
Orthphotos
Scale (s) at any point: f
S =
H - h f
Average scale of a photograph:
Savg =
H - havg
If the f, H, and h are not available, but a map is available then:
photo distance
X map scale
Photo Scale =
map distance 6 9

17. Ground Coordinates from a Single Vertical Photograph
Figure 27-8
With image coordinate system defined, we define an arbitrary ground coordinate system.
That ground system could be used to compute distances and azimuths. Coordinates can also be transformed to any system
In that ground system:
Xa = xa * (photograph scale at a)
Ya = ya * (photograph scale at a) 7 10

19. Relief Displacement on a Vertical Photograph
Figure 27-9
The shift of an image from its theoretical datum location caused by the object’s relief. Two points on a vertical line will appear as one line on a map, but two points, usually, on a photograph.
In a vertical photo, the displacement is from the principal point.
Relief displacement (d) of a point wrt a point on the datum :
r h
d = H
where: r is the radial distance on the photo to the high point
h : elevation of the high point, and H is flying height above datum
Assuming that the datum is at the bottom of vertical object, H is the
flying height above ground, the value h will compute the object height. 8 11

20. ra/R = f/H
Or: ra *H = R * f (1)
rb/R = f/(H-h)
Or: rb * (H-h) =R * f ---(2)
Then from (1) and (2); Or
ra *H = rb * (H-h) then;
(rb* H) – (ra*H) = rb h
d = rb - ra = rb *hb /H
Now, what about b and c?
What would dc wrt b equals?

21. Or, in general:
di = (ri * hti) / (flying height above ground = H – hi)

22. Flying Height of a Vertical Photograph
Flying height can be determined by:
Readings on the photos
Applying scale equation, if scale can be computed
Example: what is the flying height above datum if f=6”, average elevation of ground is 900ft, scale is 1”:100ft? Is it 1500’?
Or, if two control points appear in the photograph, solve the equation:
L2 = (XB - XA)2 + (YB - YA)2
then solve the same equation again replacing the ground coordinates with the photo coordinates. 9 12