1. ISN pg 188, title: Treaty of Versailles. Preview:
Define “War of Attrition” and explain how the Great War became a war of attrition.
How is the use of Total War during the Great War going to make ending the war much harder than previous wars? (What have these nations invested in winning the war?)

2. The Treaty of Versailles
The Big Four at the End of the War

3. The End of the War
In July 1918, Allied forces broke through the western front
Kaiser Wilhelm is told Germany can’t win the war; on Nov 9,1918 he abdicated & the German Weimar Republic (a democratic
republic) is formed
The Central Powers surrendered.

4. The End of the War
On November 11,1918—an armistice ended the fighting.

5. 11 a.m., November 11, 1918

6. Effects of the War
Total War—the enemy is the other “nation” (not just its army); it is OK to attack civilians & use blockades; new weapons are used to kill the enemy; a nation devotes all energy to war effort
As a result of the war, government leaders are removed in Russia, Germany, Austria, Hungary
Countries are broke because they spent all their money on the war

7. Effects of the War Terrible death & destruction:
65-70 million soldiers were sent to fight; 8.5 million died; 21 million wounded; 7.75 million missing in action
Casualty Rates—Russia (76%), France (73%), Germany (65%), Austria-Hungary (90%)
War destroyed towns, farm land, & buildings

9. 9,000,000 Dead

10. World War I Casualties

12. Paris Peace Conference
In Jan 1919, 27 nations met in France to work out a treaty to officially end the war—Paris Peace Conference
Big Four:
US—Woodrow Wilson
France—Georges Clemenceau
England—David Lloyd George
Italy—Vittorio Orlando

13. George (GB) Orlando (Italy) Clemenceau (France) Wilson (US)

14. France
Prime Minister Clemenceau wanted to punish Germany; Made 3 demands to ensure war never happened again:
Return Alsace-Lorraine (taken during Franco-Prussian War)
Pay reparations to cover the entire cost of rebuilding
Give up Rhineland so Germany cannot attack France again

16. England
Many in England wanted to punish Germany too: “Squeeze ‘em until the pips squeak”; but Prime Minister David Lloyd George disagreed:
If Germany was treated too harshly it will cause more trouble in the future; Germany should be allowed to recover
Rhineland should be demilitarized (military removed), not taken over

17. Italy
Prime Minister Orlando had agreed to leave the Triple Alliance (with Germany & Austria-Hungary) & fight for Allies after France & England secretly promised to give Adriatic Coast to Italy after the war; Italy’s only demand:
France & England should keep their promise to give this land to Italy

18. United States
Prez Woodrow Wilson came up with 14 Points of Light to restore Europe:
Europe should have freedom of seas, free trade; Reduction of weapons; Divide all colonies
Self Determination—countries should have right to choose their own type of government
Create a League of Nations to prevent future wars

19. Treaty of Versailles Signed June 28, 1919; 3 main topics: Military
Money
Territory

20. Treaty of Versailles: Military
Germany was forced to:
Reduce its army to 100,000 men
Reduce its navy to warships; no submarines; destroy its entire airforce
No soldiers or military equipment allowed within 30 miles of the Rhineland
Cannot manufacture war materials

22. Treaty of Versailles: Money
Germany forced to:
Sign “War Guilt Clause” accepting total responsibility for WW1
Pay $31 Billion in reparations to Allies over 30 years for damage; many felt this was too much & would destroy German economy

23. Treaty of Versailles: Territory
Germany was forced to give up land to the Allies; give up all overseas colonies, & give up Polish Corridor (separates Prussia from Germany)
Italy didn’t get Adriatic Coast; used to form Yugoslavia (Serbia+Bosnia)
New countries (from Russia): Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Finland;
New countries (from Austria-Hungary): Czechoslovakia, Hungary

27. Germany after Versailles
The new democratic government called the Weimar Republic signed the Treaty of Versailles
Most Germans felt humiliated:
Stabbed in back by those who signed the armistice
Not allowed a say in treaty
Punishment was too severe
Why was only Germany to blame for the war?

28. Created a League of Nations

29. Treaty of Versailles

30. Results of Versailles
Treaty of Versailles created more problems than it solved
Riots, debt, humiliation in Germany will allow leaders (Hitler) to rise to power by promising revenge
Italy was not given land it was promised; economic problems will lead to strong leaders who promise a return to glory (Mussolini)

31. V E R S A I L L E S

32. the Great War
Barrel
Bullet Opening
Trigger
Ammunition

33. What were the 4 MAIN causes of the Great War?

34. What was the single event that “sparked” the Great War?

35. Identify 5 things you know about the Great War

36. What were 3 results of the Great War? (think Versailles)

37. Essential Questions What four factors led to World War I?
Why did the Treaty of Versailles create conditions leading to World War II?
Was World War I avoidable?

38. Review bingo:
Militarism, Triple Alliance, Nationalism, Triple Entente, Balkans, Germany, A-H, England, France, Russia, USA, Serbia, Total War, War of Attrition, Battle of Marne, Battle of Tannenberg, Wilhelm II, Weimar Republic, 1914, 1917, 1918, 1919, Zimmerman Note, Unrestricted Submarine Warfare, 14 Points of Light, League of Nations, Versailles, Central Powers, Trench Warfare, Total War, Stalemate