1. Global Beam Energy Scan Global Beam Energy Scan
BNL AGS CERN SPS BNL RHIC CERN LHC
E NA STAR ALICE
rich experimental data:
on Pb+Pb and p+p interactions
from several GeV to several TeV
Global Beam Energy Scan
is well advanced !
M. Gazdzicki, Frankfurt, Kielce

2. Basic goals:
-study properties of strongly interacting matter,
-in particular, what are its phases and
how do transitions between them look like,
Basic assumptions (consistent with data):
-strongly interacting matter (a large system close to
equilibrium) is created at the early stage of collisions,
-its energy density increases with collision energy
Basic drawback:
-absence of SM (QCD) predictions

3. Popular phase diagram of strongly interacting matter

4. Global Beam Energy Scan is mostly
- the by-product of the global race to construct larger
and more powerful accelerators and
- the product of dedicated programs at
the already constructed facilities.
The systematic results in full energy range only for Pb+Pb
(Au+Au) collisions, significantly poorer data for p+p and
light ion interactions.

5. accelerator, laboratory
Brief history of beam energy scan programs
important
energy
limit
data taking
accelerator, laboratory
Synchrophasotron, JINR, Dubna, up to 5A GeV
: Bevalac, LBL, Berkeley, up to ≈2A GeV
1990-now: SIS, GSI, Darmstadt, up to ≈2A GeV
: AGS, BNL, Brookhaven, up to ≈10A GeV
: SPS, CERN, Geneva, up to ≈200A GeV
: RHIC, BNL, Brookhaven down to ≈30A GeV
: SPS, CERN, Geneva, up to ≈200A GeV
All energies (kinetic ...-AGS, total SPS-...) in the fixed target system

6. Bevalac, LBL, Berkeley (1975-1993)
Ar+KCL at 1.8A GeV

7. Bevalac, LBL, Berkeley (1975-1993)
Bevelac ≡ Bevatron (1954) + SuperHILAC (1971)
Key experiments: Nagamiya's spectrometer: PRC 24, 971 (81)
Streamer Chamber: PRL 45, 874 (80)
Plastic Ball/Wall: PL 142B, 141 (84)
EOS: PRL 75, 2662 (95)

8. Bevalac, LBL, Berkeley (1975-1993)
central Ar+KCl
Kinetic energy: 0.25A A GeV
Ion beams: from p to Au
Targets: various nuclei
Results on multi-fragmentation
and hadron production
2-5 k events
per reaction

9. SIS-18, GSI, Darmstadt (1990-now)
Ni+Ni at 1.95A GeV

10. SIS-18, GSI, Darmstadt (1990-now)
SIS = Heavy Ion Synchrotron, 18 Tm
Key experiments: FOPI: PLB 612, 173 (05)
KaoS: J.Phys. G31, S693 (05)
ALADIN PRL 94, (05)
HADES PR C84, (11)
Kinetic energy: 0.05A - 2.0A GeV
Ion beams: from p to Au
Targets: from p to Au

11. SIS-18, GSI, Darmstadt (1990-now)

12. AGS, BNL, Brookhaven (1996-1997) Au+Au at 4A GeV
Alternating Gradient Synchrotron (1954) + AGS Booster (1991)
Au+Au at 4A GeV
The EOS Time Projection Chamber was the first TPC used in
heavy ion experiments: first in EOS at Bevelac and
then in E895 at AGS

13. AGS, BNL, Brookhaven ( )
Key experiments: E866, E917 (E802, E859): PLB 490, 53 (00)
E895: PRL 88, (02)
Kinetic energy: 1.96A, 4.00A, 5.93A,
7.94A (10.74A) GeV
Ion beams: Au
Targets: Au

14. AGS, BNL, Brookhaven ( )
central Au+Au

15. AGS, BNL, Brookhaven ( )
central Au+Au

16. SPS, CERN, Geneva ( )
Super Proton Synchrotron (1976), ions since (1986)

17. SPS, CERN, Geneva ( )
Key experiments: NA49: PR C77, (02)
NA57: PL B595, 68 (04)
NA45: NP A727, 97 (03)
Energy: 20A, 30A, 40A, 80A (158A) GeV
Ion beams: Pb (0, S)
Targets: Pb (S, Cu)

18. SPS, CERN, Geneva ( )
central Pb+Pb

19. SPS, CERN, Geneva ( )
central Pb+Pb (Au+Au)

20. RHIC, BNL, Brookhaven (2009-2011)
Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (2000)
Au+Au at 7.6 GeV (30A GeV)

21. RHIC, BNL, Brookhaven (2009-2011)
Key experiments: STAR: PR C81, (10)
PHENIX: J. Phys. G38, (11)
Energy: 7.7, 9.2, 11.5, 19.6, 27.0, 39.0
(62, 200) GeV (N+N c.m.s. energy)
Ions: Au + Au

22. RHIC, BNL, Brookhaven (2009-2011)
Au+Au at 39 GeV

23. SPS, CERN, Geneva ( )
Be+Be at 158A GeV

24. SPS, CERN, Geneva ( )
Only one experiment: NA61/SHINE: PR C84, (11)
Energy: 13A, 20A, 30A, 40A, 80A (158A) GeV
Ion beams: (p), Be, Ar and Xe
Targets: (p), Be, Ca and La

25. SPS, CERN, Geneva ( )
Be+Be at 150A GeV
UNCORRECTED

26. Present and future heavy ion experimental programs
LHC
RHIC
energy accelerator/exps
(GeV) accelerator/exps
 SIS-18/HADES
SIS-100/HADES-CBM
SPS
NICA
 SPS/NA61
NICA/MPD
SIS-18
SIS-100
 RHIC/STAR,PHENIX
 LHC/ALICE,ATLAS,CMS

27. NICA, JINR, Dubna (2017-...) Experiments: MPD, SPD:
NICA = Nuclotron based Ion Collider fAcility
Experiments: MPD, SPD:
Energy: GeV (N+N c.m.s. energy), Beams: from p to Au

28. Nuclotron, JINR, Dubna (2015-...)
Experiment:
Energy: up to 6A GeV, Beams: from p to Au

29. SIS-100, FAIR, Darmstadt (2019-...)
Experiments: HADES, CBM:
Energy: up to 14A GeV, Beams: from p to Au

30. Do we need energy scan at LHC, CERN, Geneva ?
Experiments: ALICE, CMS, ATLAS:
Energy: 400 – 5400 GeV Beams: from p to Au

31. Do we need energy scan at LHC, CERN, Geneva ?
central Pb+Pb (Au+Au)
Smooth evolution of hadron production properties
from the top SPS to the almost top LHC energy
There is no strong motivation for a beam energy scan at LHC.
However would be desirable to close the large gap between the
top RHIC and LHC energies.