1. Towards a holistic model of deception: Theoretical developments and practitioner applications
Dr Iain Reid (University of Malta)
Dr Lynsey Gozna (University of Leicester/ Leicestershire Multi-Agency Child Sexual Exploitation Team)
Dr Julian Boon (University of Leicester)

2. Outline The need for a holistic approach to deception
The development of a theoretical model
Validation by Subject Matter Experts (SMEs)
Next steps

3. The need for a holistic approach
Deception is protracted across interpersonal, online and security environments
To counter wide-ranging vulnerabilities requires bespoke and proactive techniques
The varying nature of information presented to deception targets can increase the challenge of assessing veracity with a contingent need to approach the deception identification task by incorporating multiple elements that can be utilized across domains

4. Model Development
Drawing from multiple fields and approaches of deception in developing a unified framework will enable practitioners to access a wider array of tools to detect deception potentially improving ability to assess veracity (Whaley, 2006).
An in vivo approach to deception detection covers the nuances and dynamic nature of the real world (Boon & Gozna, 2009).

5. Model Development
A review of traditional and non-traditional approaches to deception was conducted
Each proposed element of the deception and individual differences frameworks was assessed by SMEs (N=3) with experience in deception detection (3 – 26 years; M=15.67; SD=11.53)

6. Deception Framework

7. Individual Differences Framework

8. Model Validation and Refinement
Scientist-Practitioner Approach (Jones & Mehr, 2007)
In-depth interviews with Subject Matter Experts (SMEs – N=19)
Data was transcribed verbatim and analysed from a critical realist perspective (Braun & Clarke, 2006; Guest et al., 2012)
Explanatory thematic analysis focussing on the semantic content led to the identification of 5 meta-themes (Braun & Clarke, 2006; Guest et al., 2012)

9. The Holistic Model of Deception
Deceiver
Intent
Deception Tactics
Interpretation
Target

10. Deceiver A number of sub-themes identified were: Impression Management
Stakes
Motivation
Background History
Deceiver Vulnerabilities
Target Audience Analysis
Planning Spontaneity

11. Intent
Behaviour
Attitude
Motive

12. Deception Tactics Context Control of Information Influencers
Replicating Genuine Behaviour

13. Interpretation Source Attributes Risk
Questioning/Interviewing Strategy
Detecting Methods
Surveillance/ISTAR

14. Target Decision-Making Stakes Individual Differences Motivation
Capabilities and Resources

15. Deception may be considered as
i) occurring where there is a motive
ii) deceivers strategies will reflect type of interaction and communication medium
iii) deception will occur across different communication mediums
iv) deception may be detected through multiple approaches reflecting the type of interaction and medium
v) deception detection approaches reflect context and availability

16. Limitations and Future Directions
This model may not be representative of all areas of deception due to difficulties in accessing SMEs
Acknowledgement that this model may be refined as new techniques emerge
Although the model is developed from SME knowledge empirical validation is required
Further areas identified for research include: online deception, the effect of culture, and risk

17. References
Boon, J.C.W., & Gozna, L.F. (2009). Firing pea-shooters at elephants. Psychologist, 22,
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3, doi: / qp063oa.
Guest, G., MacQueen, K. M., & Namey, E. E. (2012). Applied Thematic Analysis. Los Angeles: Sage.
Jones, J. L., & Mehr, S. L. (2007). Foundations and assumptions of the scientist-practitioner model. American Behavioral Scientist, 50, doi: /
Whaley, B. (2006). Interdisciplinary musings on the history of counterdeception. Defense Intelligence Journal, 15,

18. Questions?