1. The Second
Great Awakening
and Social
Reform

2. The Rise of Popular Religion
American religion had changed greatly since the preaching of Jonathan Edwards, and others during the Great Awakening of the 1730’s and 1740’s.

3. Many of the Founding Fathers supported Deism relying on reason, rather than faith and science; rather than the Christian Bible.
They did believe in a supreme creator, but not in the divinity of Jesus Christ.

4. The Rise of Popular Religion
Deism gave birth to the Unitarian movement which gained popularity around the turn of the 19th Century.
Unitarians believed in one creator, stressed the goodness of mankind, and believed in eternal salvation through good works.

5. Around 1800 more, conservative, traditional Christian teachings began to spread with renewed vigor in the face of these more liberal beliefs.

6. This Second Great Awakening swept the nation bringing thousands back to organized Christian religion in an effort to combat the “evils” of society.

7. The message was spread to the West through traveling preachers, new churches, and mass revivals attended by 10,000 to 20,000 souls.

8. New York was touched by so much of this heated revival it came to be known as the “Burned Over District.” New Churches formed, old churches split, and revivalist preachers spread a new message of societal reform.

9. Charles G. Finney
Peter Cartwright

10. This time of revival resulted in even more religious diversity than before.

11. One of those most influenced by this time of religious revival was Joseph Smith, who believed he had been contacted by angles who revealed to him the secrets that would become the basis for the Mormon faith.

12. For a variety of reasons, Smith and his followers were not welcomed in several areas in which they attempted to settle. Smith himself was killed in Illinois.

13. Leadership of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints fell to Brigham Young who, in led the Mormons on a trek to their own settlement far removed from the rest of America.

14. Young established the “state” of Deseret which was ruled by the teachings of the Church. The Mormons would run into conflict with the U.S. government following the Mexican American War.

15. Religious diversity was only one of the changes the Second Great Awakening brought to American society.

16. Preachers like Finney and Cartwright began to change the message of Christianity. Old Calvinist ideas of predestination were swept away.

17. People began to believe that God had not, in fact, pre-determined people’s eternal fate. As such, actions that people took in their daily lives might have an impact on what happened to their souls in the afterlife.

18. Finney, Cartwright, and others encouraged people to examine their lives and purge themselves of all sinful activity.
As a result, much of the time that people spent at revival meetings was spent reading the Bible and reflecting on the sinfulness of ones life.

19. If a person lived a moral life, God might smile upon them and welcome them into Heaven. If they did not, God would likely damn them to eternal suffering.

20. More importantly, if people took actions to improve, not only their own lives, but also the world around them, God would certainly look upon these people with favor.

21. Others began to return to the idea of America as the “city on a hill.”
They began to worry that America had gotten way off track and that the nation needed to get back on the right path.

22. As a result, the Second Great Awakening gave birth to a host of societal reform movements.

23. Many of these movement attempted to both reform American society, and expand the meaning of equality in the United States.

24. The Second Great Awakening
“Spiritual Reform From Within” [Religious Revivalism]
Social Reforms & Redefining the Ideal of Equality
Women’s Rights
Temperance
Abolition
Asylum & Penal Reform
Education

25. The Temperance Movement
Frances Willard
The Beecher Family

26. To many Americans “Demon Rum” posed a threat to society and was an evil influence that needed to be removed. To that end they formed civic groups like the American Temperance Society in 1826.

27. Heavy drinking caused a number of problems:
- Cost families money they might otherwise have spent on food, clothing etc.
- Decreased the efficiency of workers.
- Drunk workers were more prone to accident.
- Increased domestic abuse.

28. “The Temperance Home”

29. “The Drunkard’s Home”

30. Temperance movements took one of two possible paths:
1. Encouraging people to “reform themselves” and give up the bottle.
2. Encourage governments to make alcohol illegal.

31. While they couldn’t get the national or state governments to outlaw liquor, temperance advocates made significant gains in reducing the effects of “Demon Rum” on society.

32. Women like Dorthea Dix turned their attention to the conditions of America’s prisons and Asylums.
Appalled by the conditions that she found, she advocated for reform, especially for the mentally and physically challenged and the insane.
People also began to push for the abolishment of debtors prison.

33. Women in the early 19th Century:
Unable to vote.
Legal status of a minor.
Single  could own her own property.
Married  no control over her property or her children.
Could not initiate divorce.
Couldn’t make wills, sign a contract, or bring suit in court without her husband’s permission.
Cult of Domesticity

34. Cult of Domesticity = Slavery
The 2nd Great Awakening inspired women to improve society.
Cult of Domesticity = Slavery
Lucy Stone
Angelina Grimké
Sarah Grimké
American Women’s
Suffrage Assoc.
R2-9

35. Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Susan B. Anthony
Lucretia Mott
Elizabeth Cady Stanton

36. Women increasingly pushed for equal social and political rights, most famously at a meeting in Seneca Falls, New York in There they produced a “Declaration of Rights” asserting that “all men and women are created equal.”

37. While the goal of voting rights was not achieved, women did make strides in the 1840’s and 1850’s in increasing opportunities both at home and away.

38. Religious Training  Secular Education
Educational Reform
Religious Training  Secular Education
MA  always on the forefront of public educational reform * 1st state to establish tax support for local public schools.
By 1860 every state offered free public education to whites * US had one of the highest literacy
rates.

39. Horace Mann (1796-1859) “Father of American Education”
Children were clay in the hands of teachers and school officials.
Children should be “molded”
into a state of perfection.
Discouraged corporal punishment
Established state teacher- training programs.
R3-6

40. The McGuffey Eclectic Readers
Used religious parables to teach “American values.”
Teach middle class morality and respect for order.
Teach “3 Rs” + “Protestant ethic” (frugality, hard work, sobriety)

41. Women Educators Troy, NY Female Seminary
curriculum: math, physics, history, geography.
train female teachers
Emma Willard ( )
1837  she established Mt. Holyoke [So. Hadley, MA] as the first college for women.
Mary Lyons ( )

42. All of these movements found support
All of these movements found support. However, they all grew increasingly overshadowed and lost support to the most influential of the bunch.
Women’s Rights
Temperance
Asylum & Penal Reform
Education

43. Abolitionist Movement
For many, the largest “sin” in America was the continued presence of slavery.

44. The abolitionist movement rapidly overshadowed the others as the nation began to tear itself apart over the issue of slavery in the United States.

45. Fin.