1. Section 2: Humanistic Perspectives Section 3: Trait Perspectives
Chapter 10 Lesson 2
Section 2: Humanistic Perspectives
Section 3: Trait Perspectives

2. 2. Humanistic Perspectives
emphasis on a person’s capacity for personal growth and positive human qualities
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3. Examples of self-actualized individuals biased
A. Maslow’s Approach
Self-Actualization
peak experiences
Examples of self-actualized individuals biased

4. B. Carl Rogers’s Approach
Explaining Unhappiness
1. Unconditional Positive Regard
Conditions of Worth
Self-Concept
2. Empathy
3. Genuineness

5. C. Evaluating the Humanistic Perspectivesx
Contributions
self-perception is key to personality
consider the positive aspects of human nature
emphasize conscious experience
Criticisms
too optimistic about human nature
promotes self-love/narcissism and unaccountability for negatives
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6. Trait 3. Trait Perspectives
an enduring disposition that leads to characteristic responses
traits are the building blocks of personality

7. A. Trait Theories Trait Theories Gordon Allport
people can be described by their typical behavior
strong versus weak tendencies
Gordon Allport
each person unique in capacity to adapt
personality understood through traits
behavior consistent across situations
lexical approach  traits

8. B. The Five-Factor Model of Personality
W.T. Norman: broad traits – main dimensions of personality
Neuroticism
Extraversion
Openness to Experience
Agreeableness
Conscientiousness
Move them around to spell OCEAN

9. Five Factor Model of Personality
Openness (3rd)
Imaginative Practical
Variety Routine
Independent Conforming
Note: Each of the five personality factors is far more than a trait. First of all, a personality factor is not a unipolar characteristic, but a bipolar continuum. For example, the factor is not simply “Imaginative” but varying degrees ranging from “Very Imaginative” to “Very Practical.” Secondly, the factor is not one continuum, but a cluster of correlated continua. For example, it is not simply “Imaginative v. Practical” but also “Independent v. Conforming” etc.
The claim is that collectively the five factors capture the basics of human personality. In other words, it is being claimed that if you can only know five things about a person, the most informative five things to know would be where they stand on each of these five factors. That is quite a strong claim. And within the context of trait theory (and within the United States), a well supported claim.
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10. Five Factor Model of Personality
Openness
Imaginative Practical
Conscientiousness (5th)
Organized Disorganized
Careful Careless
Disciplined Impulsive
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11. Five Factor Model of Personality
Openness
Imaginative Practical
Conscientiousness
Organized Disorganized
Extraversion (2nd)
Sociable Retiring
Fun-loving Somber
Affectionate Reserved
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12. Five Factor Model of Personality
Openness
Imaginative Practical
Conscientiousness
Organized Disorganized
Extraversion
Sociable Retiring
Agreeableness (4th)
Softhearted Ruthless
Trusting Suspicious
Helpful Uncooperative
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13. Five Factor Model of Personality
Openness
Imaginative Practical
Conscientiousness
Organized Disorganized
Extraversion
Sociable Retiring
Agreeableness
Softhearted Ruthless
Neuroticism / Stability (1st)
Calm Anxious
Secure Insecure
Self-Satisfied Self-Pitying
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14. B. The Five-Factor Model of Personality (2)
Cross-Cultural Studies on the Big Five
Animal Studies on the Big Five
HAPPINESS: Neuroticism, Extraversion, and Well-Being
Life events explain little about a person’s overall well-being
Extraversion + Stability (low neuroticism)
Subjective Well-Being: A person’s assessment of own positive affect relative to negative affect, and evaluation of own life in general.
Traits & States

15. C. Evaluating the Trait Perspectives
Contributions
traits influence health, cognitions, career success, and interpersonal relations
Criticisms
ignores the role of the situation in behavior
ignores nuances of an individual’s personality
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