1. UNIT 3 – Fuels and Power Plants worksheet handed out today
January 5, 2009
IOT POLY ENGINEERING
3-6
Semester 1 Plan
UNIT 3 – Fuels and Power Plants worksheet handed out today
Impacts Journal #2 due tomorrow, 6 JAN 09.
Quiz Friday on Power Plants
Review for Semester Exam next Monday and
Tuesday (January 12 and 13)
Semester Exam next Wed. and Thurs. (January 14 and 15)

2. Semester Exam 3-6 A portion of quarter 2 grade.
IOT POLY ENGINEERING
3-6
Semester Exam
A portion of quarter 2 grade.
Final exam in June will be 1/3 of 2nd semester grade.
Topics Covered:
Unit 1: General Conditions
Unit 2: Communication Technology
Unit 3: Energy and Power
Fuels and Engines only

3. UNIT 3 – ENERGY AND POWER 3-6 UNIT 3 Topics Covered
IOT POLY ENGINEERING
3-6
UNIT 3 – ENERGY AND POWER
UNIT 3
Topics Covered
Energy Sources – Fuels and Power Plants
Trigonometry and Vectors
Classical Mechanics:
Force, Work, Energy, and Power
Impacts of Current Generation and Use

4. Power Plants 3-6 Types of Power Plants
IOT POLY ENGINEERING
3-6
Power Plants
Types of Power Plants
The engine, motor, and related parts
Supplies the motive power of a self-propelled object
Produces a kinetic energy output from a fuel source input
Electricity generating station
Typically what is referred to by “power plant”
Mechanical, heat, chemical, solar sources

5. Power Plants 3-6 Why Study Power Plants?
IOT POLY ENGINEERING
3-6
Power Plants
Why Study Power Plants?
Insight into the fundamental operation of most engineered technologies
Application of scientific and mathematical principles in real-world problem-solving situations

6. Power Plants – Engines 3-6 Terminology
IOT POLY ENGINEERING
3-6
Power Plants – Engines
Terminology
Combustion – the burning of fuel with an oxidizer
Oxidizer – a chemical compound that transfers oxygen atoms – a typical oxidizer is ambient air
Ambient – surrounding, environmental, atmospheric
External combustion engine (ECE) – heat engine that derives heat from fuel consumed outside engine
Internal combustion engine (ICE) – heat engine that derives heat from combustion of fuel within engine, instead of in external furnace
Thermodynamics – physics that deals with the mechanical action or relations of heat

7. Power Plants – Engines 3-6 Types of Engines
IOT POLY ENGINEERING
3-6
Types of Engines
Historically – engine referred to device that converted force into motion
Catapult, battering ram, and other siege weapons
Mills – grinding
Water mill, wind mill, horse mill, treadmill
al-Jazari – invented crankshaft and connecting rod, one of the most important mech. technologies after wheel
1698 – first practical steam powered engine – Thomas Savery

8. Types of Engines and Uses
Power Plants – Engines
IOT POLY ENGINEERING
3-6
Types of Engines and Uses
External Combustion (EC) Engines:
Steam – steam locomotives; turbines in electricity stations
Internal Combustion (IC) Engines:
Four-stroke: cars, trucks, motorcycles, construction machinery, airplanes
Two-stroke: moped, dirt bike, chainsaw, trimmer, motor boat, lawnmowers, go-karts
Diesel: 50% new cars in europe, submarines, ships, locomotives, large trucks/machinery
Gas Turbine Engines:
Power plants and airplanes

9. Power Plants – Engines 3-6 Reciprocating Engines:
IOT POLY ENGINEERING
3-6
Types of Engines
Reciprocating Engines:
Reciprocate: to move forward and backward alternately
Pistons move linearly, forward and backward, in reciprocating engines.
A crank converts linear motion into rotational motion.

10. Power Plants – Engines 3-6 Steam Engine Steam
IOT POLY ENGINEERING
3-6
Types of Engines – E.C.E.
Steam Engine
Steam
Molecules of gases are further apart than molecules in liquids and solids
Vaporized water (steam) takes up more space than liquid water

11. Power Plants – Engines 3-6 Types of Engines – E.C.E.
IOT POLY ENGINEERING
3-6
Types of Engines – E.C.E.
Steam Engine (continued)
History
75 C.E. Hero of Alexandria – mathematician
Presented plans for simple steam engine
1679 Denis Papin of France – pressure cooker
1698 Thomas Savery, English military engineer – Miner’s Friend pumped water out of coal mines
1712 Newcomen Engine, improved Savery’s design

12. Power Plants – Engines 3-6 Types of Engines – E.C.E.
IOT POLY ENGINEERING
3-6
Types of Engines – E.C.E.
Steam Engine (cont.)
History (cont.)
1765 James Watt (Scotland) – mathematician, inventor, instrument maker, engineer
Modern steam engine credited to Watt
1804 Arthur Woolf (England) – compound steam engine
Increases the efficiency of the engine by reusing the steam in additional cylinders.

13. Power Plants – Engines 3-6 Steam Engine (cont) Steam Locomotive
IOT POLY ENGINEERING
3-6
Types of Engines – E.C.E.
Steam Engine (cont)
Steam Locomotive
1770s – tracks laid for horses to pull carts
1804 – steam-powered engine
1820s – “Father of Railways” George Stephenson – civil and mechanical engineer Builds first public railway lines
Harnessing steam power made the Industrial Revolution possible

14. Power Plants – Engines 3-6 Types of Engines – E.C.E.
IOT POLY ENGINEERING
3-6
Types of Engines – E.C.E.
Steam Engine (cont)
Operation – PISTON
High pressure steam enters
HP steam pushes piston
Valve rod shifts
HP steam pushes piston in reverse direction
Original steam, now cooled, exits through exhaust:
Choo-choo-choo-choo-choo

15. Power Plants – Engines 3-6 Types of Engines – E.C.E.
IOT POLY ENGINEERING
3-6
Types of Engines – E.C.E.
Steam Engine (cont)
Operation – PISTON
Coal Exhaust
Steam Exhaust

16. Power Plants – Engines 3-6 Types of Engines – E.C.E.
IOT POLY ENGINEERING
3-6
Types of Engines – E.C.E.
Steam Engine (cont)
Operation – BOILER
Coal burned in furnace
Hot gasses boil water
Steam moves to cylinder, gases exhaust through smokestack
Fire-tube Boiler (past)
Water-tube Boiler (modern)

17. Power Plants – Engines 3-6 Types of Engines – E.C.E.
IOT POLY ENGINEERING
3-6
Types of Engines – E.C.E.
Steam Engine (cont)
Operation – COMPOUND STEAM ENGINE
Engineers’ objective is to harness as much of the energy in the burning fuel as possible.
Compound steam engine reuses exhaust steam/fuel as much as possible (3 times below).

18. Power Plants – Engines 3-6 Types of Engines – E.C.E.
IOT POLY ENGINEERING
3-6
Types of Engines – E.C.E.
Steam Engine (cont)
Explain what you see…

19. Power Plants – Engines 3-6 Types of Engines – E.C.E.
IOT POLY ENGINEERING
3-6
Types of Engines – E.C.E.
Steam Engine (cont)
Explain what you see…

20. Power Plants – Engines 3-6 Types of Engines – E.C.E.
IOT POLY ENGINEERING
3-6
Types of Engines – E.C.E.
Steam Engine (cont)
Explain what you see…

21. Power Plants – Engines 3-6 Types of Engines – E.C.E.
IOT POLY ENGINEERING
3-6
Types of Engines – E.C.E.
Steam Engine (cont)
Explain what you see…