1. Hamilton County Educational Service Center
Language Arts instructional strategies transition for Special Education teachers and All Teachers
Lisa Campbell, Ed.D.
Hamilton County Educational Service Center
April 10, 2012
Students with disabilities, as well as all students must be challenged to excel within the general curriculum and be prepared for success beyond school. The Common Core State Standards provide an opportunity to improve access to rigorous academic content standards for students with disabilities, and all students. The continued development of understanding about research-based instructional practices and a focus on their effective implementation will help improve access to English language arts (ELA) standards.
Emphasis on the title that includes ALL teachers – Strategies that are effective with students with disabilities are effective with all students.

2. Reflection Question…
Is it unrealistic to expect that students with disabilities (outside of the small % of students who will qualify for alternate assessment) be expected to master the new and more challenging CCSS in ELA?
Is this expectation long overdue?
As a former general educator AND former intervention specialist, I choose to believe, and would like to suggest for all to believe, that the expectation is long overdue.

3. Welcome
What did you have to do
Why present you with this challenge?
Your task is to join all nine dots using only four (or less) straight lines, without lifting your pencil.

4. What’s the point?
Why present you with this challenge?
To challenge you to think beyond the possible boundaries or obstacles and consider all possibilities in meeting the needs of all students with instructional strategies that may be “out of the norm” or out of the realm of what has been done in past years.
We need to think differently about opportunities to provide high quality instruction for students with disabilities in order to meet the demands of the CCSS.

5. Common Core State Standards in ELA
ELA CCSS are K-12 standards in reading, writing, speaking, listening, and language. They also include standards for literacy in content areas for grades 6-12.

6. Common Core State Standards & Students with Disabilities
IDEA requires that students with disabilities participate in high-stakes testing. Students with disabilities must be challenged within the general education. The CCSS will help students with disabilities prepare for and access high-stakes testing.
Students with all disabilities including:
Specific learning disabilities
Emotional and behavioral disorders
Speech and language impairments
Developmental cognitive disabilities
Autism spectrum disorders
Other health impairments
Physical impairments
Sensory impairments
Severe multiple impairments
Traumatic brain injury
Bullet One: students with disabilities need access to grade-level curriculum and instruction because they are expected to participate in state high-stake testing with their peers. Students with disabilities ―students eligible under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)―must be challenged to excel within the general curriculum and be prepared for success in their post-school lives. The continued development of understanding about research-based instructional practices and a focus on their effective implementation will help improve access English language arts (ELA) standards for all students, including those with disabilities.
Note: In 2004, IDEA further increased expectation that instruction be anchored in the general education curriculum.
Bullet Two: All students, regardless of disability, should be participating in the CCSS. There are 13 disabilities recognized by the federal government. *sensory impairments includes deaf/hard of hearing, vision impairment, as well as deaf/blind).
(Individuals with Disabilities Education Act Amendments of 1997; Individuals with Disabilities Improvement Act of 2004)

7. What’s Not Covered in the Standards?
Page 6 of CCSS in ELA
On page 6 of the CCSS, a section detailing what is not cover in the standards specifically states…(covered on next slide). There are implications for students with disabilities and all teachers within this section. Let’s take a look…

8. “Intentional design limitations” of the standards
The Standards define what all students are expected to know and be able to do, not how teachers should teach.
The Standards set grade-specific standards but do not define the intervention methods or materials necessary to support students who are well below or well above grade-level expectations.
It is also beyond the scope of the Standards to define the full range of supports appropriate for English language learners and for students with special needs
If the standards don’t define supports for all students, are they left undefined….or?

9. Application to Students with Disabilities
The site includes a PDF promoting a “culture of high expectations for all students” in a document titled Application to Students with Disabilities

10. Importance of Early Intervention
When the instructional needs of learners are met early, students with and without disabilities have less difficulty and require less specialized instruction later.
Stress that “early” intervention refers to “just in time” intervention (as soon as difficulties are documented) rather that early as in at an early age, although often disabilities are most effectively noted at early ages.

11. Standards-Based IEPs & Classroom Instruction
Include IEP goals based on academic content standards for the grade in which the student in enrolled (regardless of the student’s disability). Standards-based IEPs should be designed to monitor the student’s progress in achieving the student’s standards-based goals.
Students with disabilities need access to grade-level curriculum and instruction. Access can take place in either a special education or a general education classroom.
Standards-based IEP’s include goals and objectives based on CCSS for the grade in which the student is enrolled-regardless of the student’s disability or functioning level.
Bullet Two: Standards-based IEPs should be designed to monitor the student’s progress in achieving the standards-based goals.
Bullet Three: Students with disabilities are general education students first and need access to the grade-level curriculum and instruction including quality classroom (tier 1) instruction.
Bullet Four: Instruction can (and should) take place either in a special education or a general education classroom or both.
(Minnesota Department of Education 2010)

12. Shift in Writing Applications: Increase in Writing from Sources
Instructional Implications:
Writing instruction needs to emphasize use of evidence to inform or to make an argument; it includes short, focused research projects K-12.
Students K-12 develop college and career-ready skills through written arguments that respond to the ideas, events, facts, and arguments presented in the texts they listen to and read (Appendix A, pp ; student samples, Appendix C).
Shifting away from today’s emphasis on narrative writing (in response to de-contextualized prompts), the standards place a emphasis on students writing to sources, i.e., using evidence from texts to present careful analyses, well-defended claims, and clear information. Rather than asking students questions they can answer from their prior knowledge or experience, the standards expect students to answer questions that depend on information in a variety of text selections.

13. Shift in Reading Standards: Increase in Informational Text and Text-based Answers
Instructional Implications:
Teachers need to ensure that classroom experiences stay deeply connected texts and that students develop habits for making evidentiary arguments based on the text, both in conversation as well as in writing, to assess their comprehension of a text (Appendix A, p. 2). This includes critical reasoning with focus on analysis and evaluation.
Increasing the amount of informational text students read K-12 will prepare them to read college and career-ready texts.

14. Additional shift requiring critical reasoning: Text Complexity
Instructional Implications:
In order to prepare students for the complexity of college and career-ready texts, each grade level requires growth in text complexity (Appendix A, pp. 5-17). Students read the central, grade-appropriate text around which instruction is centered (see exemplars and sample tasks, Appendix B).
Teachers need to prioritize time in the curriculum for close and careful reading and provide appropriate and necessary supports to make the central text accessible to students reading below grade level.

15. Scaffolding for Text Complexity
introducing background knowledge
immersing students in more complex language exposure and usage that makes a difference in their ability to access knowledge
engaging students with carefully selected or constructed graphic organizers that make the structure of the text visible
modeling how to interpret the meaning of texts that use more complex approaches, like satire or rhetorical argument
Students deserve exposure to and opportunities to interact with complex unexpected texts.
But how do we scaffold them into reading grade level complex texts? Some examples include….
engaging pairs or teams of students with more challenging texts as “buddies” and giving them opportunities to reflect on those texts through discussions with each other or through “buddy” journals
making 20 percent of their class reading “stretch” texts that help them reach beyond their reading level

16. Scaffolding for students with disabilities and all struggling readers
Using tiered text is one way to scaffold. Teachers select an easy-to-read text aligned with students’ entry-level background and academic knowledge. Built on the Gradual Release of Responsibility model, which involves explicit teacher modeling, guided instruction, and independent practice—tiered texts scaffold student understanding and provide background knowledge and the multiple exposures to academic vocabulary required for comprehension.
Balancing the rigor of text complexity as proposed by the CCSS with current student reading levels may seem daunting; however, through explicit instruction in vocabulary and by building background knowledge through the use of tiered texts, teachers can make complex texts accessible to all students.
The first text the teacher selects should be short, introduce students to key concepts, and be written at a level that matches students’ entry level abilities. The second text selected should be longer and more challenging. It should reinforce the information and language of the first selection and transition students to more complex text.

17. A Model for Success for All Students
TEACHER RESPONSIBILITY
“I do it”
Focus Lesson
Guided Instruction
“We do it”
“You do it
together”
Collaborative
“You do it
alone”
Independent
Transition to next slide….how to determine WHAT focus lessons to develop…
STUDENT RESPONSIBILITY
A Model for Success for All Students
Fisher, D., & Frey, N. (2008). Better learning through structured teaching: A framework for the gradual release of responsibility. Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development.

18. Deconstructing the State Standards for Students with Disabilities
Be aware of the student’s present level of academic achievement and functional performance (PLAAFP). Identify the appropriate grade level standard(s) statements. Unpack the standard. Identify what the student needs to know and be able to do in the simplest terms possible.
First, it is important to be aware of the student’s present level of academic achievement and functional performance (PLAAFP). This information can be found on the student’s most current IEP.
Next, you will need to identify the grade level standard statement according to the grade level of same age peers
Finally, you will need to “unpack the standard.” This means identifying what he/she needs to know and be able to do.

19. Example of Deconstructing a Standard
Break the standard into its component parts:
Quote accurately
Explain what happened
Draw inferences
Analyze the subskills
Decides on a focus. For example, focus on explaining what happened in the text to improve the student’s comprehension
Determine Accommodations and/or Modifications for student to successfully reach standard
Determine Plan to Monitor Progress
Standard
Quote accurately from a text when explaining what the text says explicitly and when drawing inferences from the text. (RL.5.1)
Now let’s take a look at the standard. Discuss example from slide. Explain the bullet three will be explained in more detail next.

20. Accommodation vs. Modification
An effort to alter the representation or presentation of the curriculum or to modify the student’s engagement with the curriculum to enhance access and progress.
Changes in the assessment or curriculum that do not alter the validity, reliability, or security of the test or curriculum.
Modification: Substantive changes in an assessment or academic curriculum that change the rigor or expectation.
Explain that modification and adaptation are sometimes used synonymously, but neither are equal or synonymous with accommodation.

21. Various Accommodations
Presentation Accommodations—change how an assignment or assessment is given to a student. These include alternate modes of access which may be auditory, multisensory, tactile, or visual. Response Accommodations— allow students to complete assignments, assessments, and activities in different ways (alternate format or procedure) or to solve or organize problems using some type of assistive device or organizer. Setting Accommodations—change the location in which an assignment or assessment is given or the conditions of the setting. Timing/Scheduling Accommodations—increase the allowable length of time to complete an assignment or assessment, or change the way the time is organized for an assignment or assessment.
Bullet One: Presentation Accommodations change how an assignment or assessment is given to a student. These include alternate modes of access which may be auditory, multisensory, tactile, or visual.
Bullet Two: Response Accommodations allow students to complete assignments, assessments, and activities in different ways (alternate format or procedure) or to solve or organize problems using some type of assistive device or organizer.
Bullet Three: Setting Accommodations change the location in which an assignment or assessment is given or the conditions of the setting
Bullet Four: Timing/Scheduling Accommodations increase the allowable length of time to complete an assignment or assessment, or change the way the time is organized for an assignment or assessment
An accommodation is a change that helps a student overcome or work around the disability. These are a first step prior to implementing a modification to curriculum.
(Minnesota Manual of Accommodations 2009, 12)

22. Facts Related to Modifications
Differentiation and Universal Design for Learning (UDL) are not modifications, adaptations, or accommodations, but are supports that should be afforded to ALL students regularly.
Curriculum modification is based on ranging degrees in which our educational approach becomes distinct from or maintains the similarities to existing general curriculum.
Modifications are described by altered content knowledge, conceptual difficulty, educational goals, and instructional method versus building scaffolding and bridges between existing curriculum and people involved in the educational process.
Modifications are only appropriate when used as a scaffold to more rigorous instructional expectations.
Note:
Inappropriate modifications have the potential to increase the gap between the achievement of students with disabilities and grade level expectations. This could adversely affect students throughout their educational career.

23. What can I do TOMORROW to better prepared to implement the CCSS with all students?
Learn more about or solidify knowledge of differentiation
and Universal Design for Learning (UDL).
Gather and respond to data gathered from formative and
summative assessments.
Engage in Response to Intervention (RTI).
Practice gradual release of responsibility.
Specific to the content area of ELA:
Phonemic Awareness
Phonics
Fluency
Vocabulary
Comprehension
Writing

24. A Framework for Success: RTI
Features include:
Focus on prevention prior to intervention
Universal screening
Quality instruction for ALL students
Progress monitoring
Data-based decisions
Tier 1 instruction
Intervention (tier 1)
Tier 2 instruction
Intervention (tier 2)
Tier 3 instruction
Intervention (tier 3)

25. References
Common Core State Standards Initiative. 2010a. “Application to Students with Disabilities.” Accessed March
Common Core State Standards Initiative. 2010b. “Common Core State Standards for English Language Arts & Literacy in History/Social Studies, Science, and Technical Subjects.” Accessed March 21,
Common Core State Standards Initiative. 2010e. “Frequently Asked Questions.” Accessed March 23,
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act Amendments of 1997, Pub. L., No , 105th Cong., 1st sess.
Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act of 2004, 20 U.S.C et esq. (2004) (reauthorization of Individuals with Disabilities).
Minnesota Department of Education Adaptations Form. Roseville, MN: Minnesota Department of Education.
No Child Left Behind Act of 2001, 20 U.S.C. § 6319 (2008).
Samuels, Christina A “Special Educators Look to Tie IEPs to Common Core.” Education Week, January 11,