1. Slaves, Citizens, and Republican Government, : The Nation, the States, the Revolution, and the Constitution
The Evolution of Slave Culture & Master Culture,
2. Slavery and the American Revolution
Increasing Criticisms of—and Defenses of—Slavery
Emancipation in the North,
Americans Divided Over Slavery, North vs. South
3. Tensions Between Central Government and State Governments:
The Meanings of “Federalism”
A. States and Nation Under the Articles of Confederation
B. States and Nation Under the Constitution
Compromises Produce the Constitution, 1789
A. Federalists and Anti-Federalists
B. Pro-Slavery vs. Anti-Slavery Interests

2. For class tomorrow, 11 October, please read about the proposed “Independence Hall of the American West” and come prepared to discuss the issues.
“Independence Hall of the American West” is a PowerPoint presentation located on the course website both as its own file and under “Readings for HSTAA 110.” It consists of roughly 30 slides, some of which are maps and illustrations, and some of which are texts. Please pay close attention to the texts and to the claims they that make. We will try to employ historical thinking skills in order to understand and critique the arguments being made, and to assess the agendas behind the different claims and proposals.

3. African Origins of American Slaves

4. Destinations for Enslaved Africans, c. 1750

5. Basic U.S. History Timeline, 1775-1789
: Americans Fight Revolutionary War Against England to Achieve Independence.
The war both mirrors and reinforces intellectual trends championing human rights, and forces former colonists to confront basic questions of governance.
1777: Vermont Becomes First Northern Colony to Emancipate Slaves. By 1804, most other northern states have followed suit, some proceeding “gradually.” Over this period the number of “free blacks” grows to approx. 13% of
the African American population.
: American States or Republics Coexist under the Articles of Confederation (which were drafted in 1777 but only ratified by 1781) which create a rather loose confederation of the 13 states
1785, 1787: Under the Articles, the national government got substantial powers for
dealing with western territories (i.e., those lands not yet admitted to the
union as states) in the 1785 Land Ordinance and 1787 Northwest Ordinance
: The U.S. Constitution is drafted and ratified, creating a stronger union of the 13 states, i.e. a more powerful central government. However, the exact balance
of power between state and federal power remains vague. Americans are
citizens of both their respective states and the nation.

6. South Carolina merchant and planter Henry Laurens, whose views of slavery changed between the 1740s and the 1770s.

7. The English-speaking world underwent an intellectual revolution in the 1770s that encouraged reconsideration of such institutions as slavery in Britain, the United States, and elsewhere. The economist Adam Smith was one key thinker; another was Jeremy Bentham, reformer and philosopher of utilitarianism who led a movement to improve prisons.

8. A new nation, increasingly divided over the existence and future of slavery.

9. Northwest Ordinance, 1787

10. Basic U.S. History Timeline, 1775-1789
: Americans Fight Revolutionary War Against England to Achieve Independence.
The war both mirrors and reinforces intellectual trends championing human rights, and forces former colonists to confront basic questions of governance.
1777: Vermont Becomes First Northern Colony to Emancipate Slaves. By 1804, most other northern states have followed suit, some proceeding “gradually.” Over this period the number of “free blacks” grows to approx. 13% of
the African American population.
: American States or Republics Coexist under the Articles of Confederation (which were drafted in 1777 but only ratified by 1781) which create a rather loose confederation of the 13 states
1785, 1787: Under the Articles, the national government got substantial powers for
dealing with western territories (i.e., those lands not yet admitted to the
union as states) in the 1785 Land Ordinance and 1787 Northwest Ordinance
: The U.S. Constitution is drafted and ratified, creating a stronger union of the 13 states, i.e. a more powerful central government. However, the exact balance
of power between state and federal power remains vague. Americans are
citizens of both their respective states and the nation.

11. FEDERALISM (I)
Federalism is a political concept in which a group of members is bound together by covenant (Latin: foedus, covenant) with a governing representative head
Wikipedia

12. FEDERALISM (II)
The term "federalism" is also used to describe a system of government in which sovereignty is constitutionally divided between a central governing authority and constituent political units (such as states or provinces).
Wikipedia

13. THE TENTH AMENDMENT TO THE
U.S. CONSTITUTION
The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.

14. The Constitution recognized and supported slavery, yet avoided using the word “slave” and most likely was written to indicate that state laws—rather than the new federal government—were responsible for authorizing the institution in the United states.
The Three-Fifths Clause (Article I, Section 2):
Representatives and direct Taxes shall be apportioned among the several States which may be included within this Union, according to their respective Numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole Number of free Persons, including those bound to Service for a Term of Years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three fifths of all other Persons.
The Fugitive Slave Clause (Article 4, Section 2):
No person held to service or labour in one state, under the laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law or regulation therein, be discharged from such service or labour, but shall be delivered up on claim of the party to whom such service or labour may be due.
The Clause regarding the International Slave Trade (Article I, Section 9):
The migration or importation of such persons as any of the states now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight, but a tax or duty may be imposed on such importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each person.

15. FEDERALISTS VS. ANTI-FEDERALISTS
(opponents regarding ratification of the Constitution
during the late 1780s)
Federalists were people who tended to support the ratification of the Constitution, and to support the creation of a stronger central government.
Anti-Federalists tended to oppose the Constitution, and advocated for a weaker, smaller central government and for more powers to be reserved to the states.

16. Economic Patterns in the late-18th-century United States
Semi-subsistence economy (more Anti-Federalist)
more rural, more isolated, more
bartering, less cash and speculation
Commercial or market economy (more Federalist)
more urban (port cities especially),
more focused on production for
commerce and profit rather than
subsistence, more comfortable with
credit and borrowing, less isolated
These two patterns actually overlapped a great deal (as in A Midwife’s Tale). In general, though, the tendency was for the market economy to expand and gain ground at the expense of the semi-subsistence economy

17. Benjamin Franklin and Alexander Hamilton, exemplars of the market economy and advocates for a stronger central government.

18. FEDERALISTS (II) vs. REPUBLICANS
During the 1790s the U.S. developed its first system of political parties. The two parties were called the Federalists and the Republicans. The Federalists tended to be the people in power from 1789 to 1801 (including Presidents George Washington and John Adams). The Republicans tended to be in control after 1800 and included President Thomas Jefferson and his successors Madison and Monroe. The Federalists tended to be associated with a stronger central government, but that was hardly the only issue that divided the two parties