1. Chapter 25
The Sixties

2. John F. Kennedy (JFK) ’61-’63

3. I. The Freedom Movement SNCC formed 1960
CORE organized the “Freedom Rides” in 1961
Resistance to Civil Rights:
Albany, Georgia pushes back SNCC ‘61
James Meredith – ‘62

4. I. The Freedom Movement (con’t)
1963, Martin Luther King, Jr., led a demonstration in Birmingham
MLK decided to send black children into the streets to march
Bull Connor unleashed his forces against the children. America horrified.

5. I. The Freedom Movement (con’t)
The March on Washington, 1963
250,000 blacks and whites held rally in DC
MLK delivered the “I Have a Dream” speech

6. II. The Kennedy Years Kennedy and the World
Peace Corps
Space program
Alliance for Progress = aid for Latin America
The Bay of Pigs Invasion, 1961
Kennedy failed at ousting Castro from power in Cuba

7. II. The Kennedy Years (con’t)
The Cuban Missile Crisis – 1962
Kennedy decided not to invade Cuba – and avoided a nuclear holocaust
After the crisis, Kennedy moved to reduce Cold War tensions
Limited Test-Ban Treaty

8. II. The Kennedy Years (con’t)
Kennedy and Civil Rights
Kennedy not interested in Civil Rights
Birmingham in 1963 forced Kennedy to get involved
The Assassination
Kennedy was shot on November 22, 1963, in Dallas

9. Johnson Swearing In, 1963

10. Lyndon Baines Johnson (LBJ) ’63-’69

11. III. Lyndon Johnson’s Presidency
Johnson very interested in Civil Rights
In 1964, Congress passed the Civil Rights Act
Twenty-fourth Amendment – Poll Tax
“Freedom Summer”
Southern blacks still couldn’t vote
A voter registration drive in Mississippi
Three Civil Rights workers murdered. Two white, one black

12. III. Lyndon Johnson’s Presidency (con’t)
Selma and Voting Rights
In 1965 King led a march from Selma to Montgomery, Alabama
Violence on TV led the federal government to act.
Federal judge declared march was legal
1965 Voting Rights Act

13. III. Lyndon Johnson’s Presidency (con’t)
The Great Society
A response to prosperity, (rather than Depression)
The “War of Poverty”
Job training for the poor
Poverty dropped from 22% to 13%

14. IV. The Changing Black Movement
The Ghetto Uprising
Watts riot 1965
6 Days, 50,000 rioters
35 dead, 900 injured and $30 million in property damage
MLK turned to issue of economic equality
Chicago Freedom Movement failed (1966)

15. IV. The Changing Black Movement (con’t)
Malcolm X – Rights “by any means necessary”
Assassinated in 1965
His Autobiography became a bestseller 1966

16. IV. The Changing Black Movement (con’t)
The Rise of Black Power, 1966
No more “non-violent” protest
A new self-assertion
SNCC and CORE kicked out whites
Black Panther Party born in Oakland 1966
SNCC took “Nonviolent” out of their name ‘67

17. V. Vietnam and the New Left
SDS, 1962
“Participatory Democracy”
The Free Speech Movement
Students at UC-Berkeley
Mario Savio

18. V. Vietnam and the New Left (con’t)
America and Vietnam
A generational rebellion, young versus old
Kennedy and Johnson afraid to pull US out. Didn’t want to look weak.
The Domino Theory – If Vietnam falls to communism, all SE Asia will fall

19. V. Vietnam and the New Left (con’t)
Lyndon Johnson’s War
Congress passed the Gulf of Tonkin resolution (1964)
LBJ: huge escalation of troops in 1965
By 1968, half a million troops in Vietnam

20. The Vietnam War, 1964–1975 • pg. 1004
The Vietnam War, 1964–1975

21. V. Vietnam and the New Left (con’t)
The Antiwar Movement
SDS began antiwar demonstrations in 1965
Antiwar movement was centered on college campuses

22. V. Vietnam and the New Left (con’t)
The Counterculture
A cultural revolt against affluence, war, and the impersonal “technocracy”
Rejection of authority and “experts”
Mistrust of Government. The “Credibility Gap”
Desire to resurrect “human” connections: Love, community, family

23. V. Vietnam and the New Left (con’t)
Friendship and pleasure more important than the pursuit of wealth
Liberation centered on the free individual
Sexual freedom
By the late 1960’s, the movement had abandoned utopian aspirations
Now, it’s sex, drugs, and rock and roll…

24. VI. The New Movements and the Rights Revolution
Feminism
Betty Friedan’s The Feminine Mystique 1963
National Organization for Women (NOW) formed 1966
Disruption of 1968 Miss America Pageant
Abortion rights became an issue

25. VI. The New Movements and the Rights Revolution (con’t)
Gay Liberation
Stonewall Bar uprising, 1969
Latino Activism
Cesar Chavez
“Chicano” movement is born

26. VI. The New Movements and the Rights Revolution (con’t)
Red Power
American Indian Movement (AIM)
Indians of All Nations
Red Power movement

27. VI. The New Movements and the Rights Revolution (con’t)
The New Environmentalism
Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring, 1962
Environmentalism had the broadest bipartisan support of any of the social movements
The First “Earth Day”, April 22, 1970
The “Ecology” movement born

28. VI. The New Movements and the Rights Revolution (con’t)
Consumer Activism
Ralph Nader
The Rights Revolution
The Warren Court – expanded rights throughout the 1960’s
Miranda v. Arizona
Baker v. Carr
The “Right to Privacy”
Roe V. Wade

29. VII. 1968 A Year of Turmoil Tet Offensive in Vietnam
LBJ withdrew from 1968 election
MLK assassinated
Columbia University student strike
Robert Kennedy assassinated
Chicago Democratic National Convention – “a police riot” on protestors

30. VII. 1968 (con’t) Nixon’s Comeback
Violence led to a conservative reaction
Richard Nixon said he was leader of the “silent majority”

31. The Presidential Election of 1964 • pg. 991

32. The Presidential Election of 1968 • pg. 1019

33. Figure 25.1 • pg. 994