1. The environment
The environment is a complex of factors which act on an organism or a group of organisms
The environmental factors are usually divided into abiotic factors and biotic factors.

2. Biotic Factors Number and kinds of organisms Plants Animals
Decomposers

3. Biotic Factors Comprise the interrelationships between living organisms
Interspecific
Intraspecific

4. Biomes: Temperature and moisture dependence
(Ricklefs 2001)

5. Abiotic Factors
Available light
Water
Soil nutrients
Temperature

6. Temperature Regulation and Adaptation
I. Introduction
A. Reasons for regulating temperature
II. Basic heat balance equation
A. The components
B. The equation
Terms: homeotherms, endotherms, poikilotherms, ectotherms
III. Adaptations for temperature regulation and tolerance
A. Regulating – manipulating the heat balance equation
B. Avoiding – dormant stages 

7. II. Organism adaptations and tolerance
 Terms: Adaptation, fitness, tradeoffs, genotype, phenotype, ecotype, plasticity, homeostasis, feedbacks
A. Adaptation
B. Homeostasis
C. Law of Tolerance, acclimatization

8. Adaptation
Any heritable behavioral, morphological or physiological trait
that maintains or increases the fitness
of an organism
under a given set of environmental conditions.

9. How have these animals adapted to their environment?
Adaptation
How have these animals adapted to their environment?

10. Camel Has long legs to keep body away from hot sand
Can store fat in hump.
Can go for long periods without water.

11. Camel Can close nostrils to keep out sand.
Has long eyelashes to keep out sand.
Many blood vessels just under the skin to cool the blood.

12. Polar Bear Has white fur for camouflage.
Each hair is hollow for extra insulation.
Has sharp teeth and claws to catch and eat prey.
Has ridged foot pads to prevent slipping.

13. Penguin Has thick layer of fat to keep warm.
Produces oil to keep feathers waterproof.
Stream lined body for swimming.

14. Golden Eagle Large wing span for gliding.
Sharp talons for catching and holding prey.
Hooked beak for tearing meat.
Large eyes for spotting prey from great distances.

15. Shark Stream lined body for swimming.
Fins to propel through the water.
Sharp teeth.
Gills to breath under water.

16. Ostrich Long legs to run fast. Large eyes to see long distances.
Long feathers to provide more shade to eggs and to keep body warm at night.

17. Homeostasis
Negative feedbacks
Positive feedbacks

18. Law of Tolerance

19. Acclimation and adaptation

20. Acclimation is a reversible change in structure.
Acclimation is a shift in the range of physiological tolerances of the individual.
Some examples:
growing thicker fur in winter
producing smaller leaves in the dry season
increasing the number of red blood cells at higher elevations
producing enzymes with different temperature optima
producing lipids that remain fluid at different temperatures
(c) 2001 by W.H. Freeman and Company

21. Tolerance – effects of environmental change?
Chuckwalla, Valley of Fire

22. Temperature regulating behaviors in lizards

23. I. Introduction Reasons for regulating temperature
Metabolic limits, enzyme kinetics
Behavioral consequences 1

24. Q10
Q10 = T

25. A. Introduction
Note acclimation 1

26. Behavioral consequences - animals

27. Behavioral consequences - plants
Adaptation or acclimation? Compare with acclimation

28. Terms
Homeotherms
Endotherms
Poikilotherms
Ectotherms
Heterotherms

29. Subphylum: Vertebrata Group: Gnathostomata
Kingdom: Animalia
Subkingdom: Metazoa
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Group: Gnathostomata
Superclass: Pisces (Fishes) Superclass: Tetrapoda
Class: Osteichthyes
Class: Amphibia Class: Reptilia Class: Aves Class: Mammalia

30. II. The heat balance equation
A. The components
Or gain
(Hir)
Loss only!
(Unless including condensation)

31. Body size and basal metabolic rate

32. Bergmann's Rule asserts that
It's also a matter of basic physics that the larger a sphere,
the less is its surface area relative to its total volume.
Therefore, large balls lose heat more slowly, relative to
their size, than small ones.
You might guess, then, that animals tend to be larger
in cold areas than in tropical ones. In fact,
Bergmann's Rule asserts that
geographic races of a species possessing smaller
body size are found in the warmer parts of
the range, and races of larger body size
in cooler parts.

33. ALLEN'S RULE
In fact, in ecology there's a "rule" recognizing this
principle at work among geographical races of single
species. Called Allen's Rule, it states that
certain extremities of animals are relatively shorter
in the cooler parts of a species' range than in
the warmer parts.
By "extremities" is mainly meant arms, legs, ears, and
snout or nose.

34. Basal metabolic rate – endos & ectos

35. B. The equation

36. Temp balance for a mussel – constant conditions

37. Temp balance for a mussel – variable conditions

38. III. Adaptations for regulation & tolerance
Regulation – manipulating components of the energy balance equation.
1. Adaptations & acclimations
2. Similarities and differences among plants, endos & ectos.

39. Similarities – radiation, coloration
Clear-winged grasshopper
Encelia farinosa – desert brittlebush

40. Developmental Responses in Grasshoppers
The grasshopper Gastrimargus africanus can match its color to that of its surroundings:
helps avoid detection by predators
epidermal pigments laid down at each molt respond to hormones produced in the brain in response to quality and intensity of light:
animals are green in rainy season
as dry season comes on, animals are brown
following fires, animals are black
(c) 2001 by W.H. Freeman and Company

41. What about the arctic fox?
Winter coloration
Summer coloration

42. Radiation: Orientation

43. Evaporative cooling http://www.kateconnick.com/postcards/bcpant.jpg

44. Morphology/growth form: conduction & convection
Black-tailed jackrabbit

45. Fig (4th) Fig (5th)

46. Metabolic heat

47. Differences
Does the prevalence of some mechanisms differ among plants, endotherms, and ectotherms?
Which ones? Why?

48. B. Avoidance Dormancy – plants (seeds, cold tolerance)
Burrowing, torpor, hibernation & estivation - animals

49. Summary Range shifts often tied to temperature extremes.
We can understand components of heat balance individually.
Adaptations for heat gain/loss: understand in the context of individual components of heat balance equation.