1. MEDICAL PARASITOLOGY & ENTOMOLOGY
Prepared by:
Sr. norazsida

2. CLASSIFICATION OF PARASITES
Phylum Sarcomastigophora
Phylum Ciliophora
Phylum Apicomplexa
Phylum Microspora
Phylum Aschelminthes
Phylum Platyhelminthes

3. Phylum Sarcomastigophora
Subphylum Sarcodina (amebae)
Subphylum Mastighopora (flagellates)
Characteristics:
Amebae move by means of cytoplasmic protrusions called pseudopods (false feet).
Flagellates move by means of whiplike appendages known as flagella.
Asexual

4. PHYLUM CILIOPHORA
Move by means of cilia, threadlike extensions which are shorter and more numerous than flagella- arise from small basal granules.
Most are free-living and nonpathogenic.
The sole human pathogen: Balantidium coli, the largest intestinal protozoan known to infect man.

5. PHYLUM APICOMPLEXA Class Sporozoa.
Having complex life cycles with alternating sexual and asexual generations.
Pathogens include the Coccidia: parasites found in the intestinal mucosa.
Found in blood and tissues.

6. PHYLUM MICROSPORA Tiny intracellular parasites.
Cause infections in vertebrate and invertebrate.
In human- Immunocompetent individuals are rarely infected.

7. PHYLUM ASCHELMINTHES Roundworms (nematodes).
round, elongated bodies with coiled tails.
Sexes separated.
Male usually being smaller than the female.
Most are free living.
Life cycle involve intermediate as well as definitive hosts.
Class Nematoda

8. PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHESE
Flatworms with flattened shape of the adult worm.
Hermaphroditic : having male and female reproductive structures
Found in class: 1)Trematoda (flukes)
2) Cestoda (tapeworms).
Complex life cycle.
Tapeworms: elongated, ribbonlike bodies, consisting of a scolex, an organelle of attachment, anteriorly, a neck region and segmented called proglottids.

9. Protozoa
Are unicellular animals that occur singly or in colony formation.
A complete unit capable of performing the physiologic functions that in higher organisms are carried out on by specialized cells.
For the most part they are free-living, but some are parasitic, having adapted themselves to an altered existence inside the host.

10. Amoeba parasite in human
Entamoeba histolytica (pathogenic)
E. hartmanni (commensal)
E. coli (commensal)
E. gingivalis (commensal)
Iodomoeoba buetschili (commensal)
Endolimax nana ( commensal)

11. Entamoeba histolytica
Diseases: amebiasis, amebic dysentery, amebic hepatitis.
Also known as E. dispar (non pathogenic strain)
Life cycle consist of: 1) trophozoite
2) Cyst (infective stage)
-wide geographical distribution.

12. Mode of transmission
-usually acquired by ingestion of contaminated water or food containing amebic cyst (oral),
-male homosexual.

15. Symptoms Abdominal pain Diarrhea or bloody diarrhea
Ulcers in appendix, cecum and other parts of colon.
Flask-shaped ulcer- with a small mucosal opening and an eroded area beneath the surface.

16. Laboratory diagnosis
Concentration technique – permenant smears stained by trichrome method
Serological procedures:
-Indirect hemagglutination assay (IHA)
-enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
-Indirect immunofluorescent (IFA)

17. Treatment Using amebicidial agents:
Luminal amebicides: iodoquinol, diloxanide furoate
Tissue amebicides: metronidazole, chloroquine, dehydroemetine

18. Prevention
Filtration and chemical treatment – bcoz- resistant to chlorination
Avoidance of contaminated water