1. Atmospheric depositions Ocean University of China
to the Yellow Sea
Su Mei LIU
Ocean University of China

2. Atmospheric nitrogen deposition
Mmol m-2yr-1
deposition/
(deposition+river)
Reference
South North Sea 71
27％
Rendell et al.，1993
Delaware Bay 75 5％
Russell et al.，1998
Kattegat 69
30％
Asman et al.，1995
North Atlantic coast 23
20％
Galloway et al.，1996
Yellow Sea
90.5
42%
Bi, unpublished data
Note: The studies by Rendell et al. (1993) and Bi are the only ones to explicitly include ON. Cornell et al. (2003) suggest that organic nitrogen will enhance deposition total nitrogen by 10–20%, probably more in remote regions

3. Estimates of dissolved inorganic nitrogen export through rivers surrounding the North Sea which results from atmospheric deposition to the watershed
Note: English East Coast rivers include the Humber, the Thames and the Wash Embayment. These three river systems make up 75% of the total riverine inputs from the English East Coast to the Southern North Sea
(Spokes and Jickells, 2005)
Atmospheric nitrogen deposition supports 8-70 % of new production of surface ocean for the global（Duce et al., 1986；Paerl et al., 1990）

4. Distribution of Global Atmospheric Nitrogen Deposition
(mg N/m2/yr)
1860
early 1990s
2050
Galloway et al., 2004

5. Atmospheric phosphorus deposition
In mediterranean sea, atmospheric phosphorus deposition represents 1/3 of input of total terregenous inorganic P （Guerzoni et al., 1999 ）
In the east part of Mediterranean sea where P limits the growth of primary production, atmospheric P deposition may support up to 38％of new production of surface ocean（Markaki et al., 2003 ）

6. DO concentration temperature salinity
Variation trends of annual mean of the water column average temperature, salinity and DO concentration in the Yellow Sea
(Lin et al., 2005)

7. PO43- concentration SiO32- concentration N / P DIN concentration
Variation trends of annual mean of the water column average nutrient concentrations and N/P in the Yellow Sea
(Lin et al., 2005)

8. Comparison of chlorophyll a (g dm-3), primary production (mgC m-2 d-1) and phytoplankton abundancea (104 cell m-3) in the Yellow Sea between two periods
(Lin et al., 2005)

9. Nutrient budgets (k mol s-1 ) for the Yellow Sea
Negative and positive values of nutrient exchange and sink/source terms indicate the loss from and input into the Yellow Sea, respectively (Liu et al., 2003)

10. FROM: http://www.uea.ac.uk/env/solas/

11. Chemical Characteristics of rainwater at Qianliyan Island
Cl-+Na+: 66%

12. pH of rainwater at Qianliyan Island
June------August
Density Distribution
Acid rain:
pH  5.6
60% of rainwater - acid rain pH
The pH profiles obtained by a brand-new data smoothing technique-kernel density estimation

13. Rainwater at Qianliyan Island
Relationship among major acid and alkali compositions
Year pH
SO42- / NO3-
(nssCa2++ NH4+)
/(nssSO42- + NO3-)
2002
4.57
3.28
0.89
1998
4.76
3.23
0.94
Factors affecting pH of Rainwater
Year
NFCa
NFNH4
NFMg
2002
0.60
0.16
0.49

14. Aerosol sources at FulongshanNW SW SE
Using the NOAA HYSPLIT_4 model, backward trajectories of aerosols 48 hours before sampling are calculated to track their sources

15. Aerosol sources at Qianliyan Island
Aerosol sources at Qianliyan Island

16. The concentrations of TSP（µg m-3) and nutrients (nmol m-3) from land-source and sea-source at Qianliyan Island
(Bi, unpublished data)

17. DON and its proportion in TDN in rainwater
Region
DON
(µmol L-1)
DON/TDN
（%）
Reference
Fulongshan
52.4 27
Bi, unpublished
Qianliyan
36.7 21
Zhoushan
27.9 24
North Carolina 6 26
Peierls et al.，1997
Delaware, USA
9.1 20
Scudlark et al.，1998
East Anglia, UK
Cornell et al.，1995
Hawaii
5.5 63
Heath et al., 2001
Bermuda
7.5
37-65
La Selva , Costarica
7.0 33
Eklund et al., 1997
Estern Mediterranean
15.0 17
Mace et al.，2003

18. DOP and its proportion in TDP in rainwater
Region
DOP
(µmol L-1)
DOP/TDP
（%）
Reference
Fulongshan
0.36 29
Bi, unpublished
Qianliyan
0.32 34
Zhoushan
0.08 31
DOP and its proportion in TDP in aerosol
Region
DOP
(µmol L-1)
DOP/TDP
（%）
Reference
Fulongshan aerosol
0.81 nmol m-3 38
Bi, unpublished

19. Rainwater

20. Aerosol

21. Dry and wet deposition of nutrients at Fulongshan
Spring Summer Autumn Winter
Dry and wet deposition of nutrients at Fulongshan
(Bi, unpublished data)

22. Dry and wet depositions of nutrients at Qianliyan Island
Spring Summer Autumn Winter
Spring Summer Autumn Winter
Spring Summer Autumn Winter
Spring Summer Autumn Winter
Dry and wet depositions of nutrients at Qianliyan Island
(Bi, unpublished data)

23. Dry and wet deposition fluxes at Qianliyan (mmol m-2 yr-1)
(Bi, unpublished data)

24. ( Bi, unpublished data; Zhang et al.，2005)
Spring Summer Autumn Winter
New production simulated by atmospheric deposition (AD-NP) and primary production of the Yellow Sea (PP)
( Bi, unpublished data; Zhang et al.，2005)

25. Summary Atmospheric deposition is an important nutrient sources
Nutrients show higher concentrations in land-source than sea-source aerosols
Dust storm can affect nutrient concentrations in aerosols
The contribution of dry and wet deposition of nutrients changed
Atmospheric deposition can stimulate photosynthesis
60% rain water was acid rain

26. Anthropogenic Nitrogen Impacts on the Open Ocean
Thank You !
Anthropogenic Nitrogen Impacts on the Open Ocean
A Workshop Developed by SOLAS and INI, and sponsored by SCOR, NOAA, and ESF