1. Body Systems and Disorders
Circulatory System
Body Systems and Disorders

2. Blood Circulation Major circulatory systems
Cardiopulmonary circulation
Systemic circulation
Specialized circulatory systems
Coronary circulation

3. Cardiopulmonary Circulation
Deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs where carbon dioxide is exchanged for oxygen. The oxygenated blood then returns to the heart.

4. Systemic Circulation
Circulates nutrients, oxygen, water, and secretions to the tissues and back to the heart
Carries away waste products such as carbon dioxide and other dissolved wastes away from the tissues
Helps equalize body temperature
Aids in protecting the body from harmful bacteria

5. Coronary Circulation Brings oxygenated blood to the heart muscle
Right and left branches of the coronary artery
Exchange of oxygen and waste occurs at capillary level
Deoxygenated blood returns through the coronary veins to the coronary sinus

6. Blood Vessels
Arteries – carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the capillaries (one exception: the pulmonary artery which carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs)
Capillaries – smallest blood vessels. Connect the arterioles with the venules.
Veins – carry deoxygenated blood away from the capillaries to the heart.

7. Arteries
Aorta leads away from the heart and branches into smaller arteries
Smaller arteries branch into arterioles
Arterioles give rise to the capillaries

8. Capillaries Smallest blood vessels
Can only be seen through a microscope
Connect the arterioles and venules
Muscle and connective tissue disappear and they become a simple endothelial cell layer

9. Veins Carry deoxygenated blood away from the capillaries to the heart
Walls much thinner than arteries
Do not have to withstand as much pressure

10. Veins Veins have valves so blood flows in one direction
Toward the heart
Largest vein is the vena cavae
Superior vena cavae returns blood from upper part of body
Inferior vena cavae returns blood from the lower part of the body

11. Venous Return Valves help keep venous blood moving
Skeletal muscles contract to push venous blood along its path

12. Venous Return
Pressure changes occur when we breath which helps bring venous blood back to the heart
Stationary positioning can decrease flow back to the heart for oxygenation

13. Blood Pressure
Blood Pressure – when the heart pumps blood into the arteries, the surge of blood filling the vessels creating pressure against their walls.
Systolic blood pressure – pressure measured at the moment of heart contraction.
Diastolic blood pressure – pressure measured when there is lessened force of the blood (when the heart is relaxed)
Normal value – average 120/80 (120 is systolic, 80 is diastolic)

14. Red Blood Cells (RBC)
The blood cells that carry oxygen. Also called erythrocytes. Contain hemoglobin and it is the hemoglobin which permits them to transport oxygen (and carbon dioxide).
Hemoglobin, aside from being a transport molecule, is a pigment. It gives the cells their red color (and their name).

15. White Blood Cells (WBC)
Called leukocytes
Larger than RBC’s
Manufactured in both red bone marrow and lymphatic tissue
Natural defense against injury and disease

16. Platelets Also called Thrombocytes
Smallest of the solid components of blood
Function in the initiation of the blood-clotting process

17. Blood Types
Blood type inherited from one’s parents. Determined by presence, or absence, of blood protein called antigen on the surface of the red blood cell.
Types – 4 major groups
A: have “A” antigen
B: have “B” antigen
AB: has both “A” & “B” antigen
O: has neither of the antigen’s

18. Disorders of the Blood Vessels
Hypertension – high blood pressure
Normal
Less than 120/80
Pre-hypertension
/80-89
Stage I hypertension
/90-99
Stage II hypertension
160 and above/100 and above

19. Disorders of the Blood Vessels
Aneurysm – ballooning out of an artery. Caused by weakening of the blood vessel. Pulsates with each systolic beat.
Abdominal aneurysm: In an artery in the abdomen (mid-section)
Thoracic aneurysm: In an artery in the chest area
Cerebral aneurysm: In an artery in the brain (usually treated by neurosurgeons)
Peripheral aneurysm: In the large arteries that run down the legs and behind the knees, and occasionally arms
Stenting is a common treatment – catheter is inserted and guided to the aneurysm. A stent is then guided in to provide scaffolding to reinforce the wall of the artery.

20. Disorders of the Blood Vessels
Arteriosclerosis – disease that occurs when the arterial walls thicken because of a loss of elasticity as aging occurs.
Atherosclerosis – disease that occurs when deposits of fatty substances form along the walls of the arteries.
In both Arteriosclerosis and Atherosclerosis there is a narrowing of the blood vessel opening. This interferes with blood supply to the body parts and causes hypertension.

21. Review your Medical Terms from the Cardiovascular Powerpoint.