1. Immigration & the Growth of Cities
STANDARD USII.2B – RESOURCES, TRANSPORTATION AND INDUSTRY AFTER 1865

2. How did advances in transportation link resources, products and markets?
Remember the Transcontinental Railroad?
Well, there is a little bit more to it than that….

3. Advances in transportation linked resources, products, and markets.

4. Manufacturing areas were clustered near centers of population.
Automobiles
Textiles
Meatpacking
Steel

5. How did advances in transportation link resources, products, and markets?
Moving natural resources to eastern factories (e.g., iron ore to steel mills)
Transporting finished products to national markets
Locating factories near rivers and railroads to move resources and finished goods to markets

6. What else is there?
The resources needed for the factories were things like iron ore from Michigan, Minnesota and Wisconsin. Copper & lead were mined in New Mexico Arizona and Utah
Advances in transportation, like the railroad, these materials could be transported easily, cheaper and in greater quantity.

7. Wait, there’s more…
Sometimes resources were moved with ships, especially in the Great Lakes area.
Did you ever wonder why so many big cities were near waterways?

9. Still More
Once the resources got to the factories they were used to provide energy for the factory or make goods for the factory to sell.
The more resources a factory had the more goods or products they could sell.

10. Manufacturing Areas
A manufacturing area is exactly what it says, an area where there is manufacturing.
What is manufacturing?

11. Examples of Manufacturing Areas
Detroit Manufactured Automobiles
Pittsburgh Manufactured Steel
New England Manufactured Textiles

12. Centers of Population
Manufacturing areas were clustered near centers of population.
What does clustered mean?
What does center of population mean?
Why is the statement true?

13. 4b Immigration and Growth of Cities
They’re Coming to America
But Why???

14. Reasons for the increase in immigration
• Hope for better opportunities
There was a lack of land and job opportunities in Europe
Irish Potato Famines
People wanted a new start/beginning
America is the Land of Opportunity
• Desire for religious freedom
Jewish Persecutions in Eastern Europe
Persecution of Irish Catholics
Wanted the freedom to practice their own religion

15. Reasons for the increase in immigration
Escape from oppressive governments
Monarchies and oppressive governments
America is a democratic country
Wanted freedom
• Desire for adventure
Young people looking for something new
Wanted the thrill of something exciting
America was exciting

16. Old Immigration
New Immigration

17. Old Immigration
Before 1890, most immigrants from Europe came from northern and western Europe
Britain, Germany, Ireland, Denmark, Norway, Sweden

18. New Immigration
Starting in 1890, most people came from southern and eastern Europe, and other parts of the world
Austria, Hungary, Italy, Greece, Poland, Russia

19. Immigrants from Asia
In the 1840s and 1850s, large numbers of Chinese came to America for the California gold rush
Immigrants also came from Japan and other Asian countries
Around 1900, the U.S. began limiting the number of immigrants from Asia

21. Immigrants: The “Old” VS. The “New”
“Old Immigrants”
The myth of the WASP – White, Anglo-Saxon Protestants…
Northern or Western Europeans
English Speakers or familiarity with the language and alphabet
Protestant faiths allowed church-centered community development.
“The New Immigrants”
Southern and Eastern Europeans… Russian, Slavic, Balkan, Italian, Greek
Non English speakers – some with unique alphabets: Greek Cyrillic, Arabic.
Catholic, Jewish, or Orthodox Christian faiths made assimilation more difficult.
Immigrants: The “Old” VS. The “New”

22. Discrimination against Immigrants
Chinese
Irish
Jewish
Italian
Polish

23. Immigration Stations processed New Immigrants to the United States – by the 1880s, though, immigration restrictions were being drafted into law.
Ellis Island, New York Harbor
Angel Island, San Francisco Bay

24. Assimilation – (n.) a process…
The process of becoming a part of another culture – it may require learning new languages, social norms, customs, holidays, traditions, and common beliefs.

25. Ethnic neighborhoods allowed immigrants to have all of the comforts of home – a common language, culture, and even favorite foods – in their adopted nation. It could also prevent assimilation, though, since older family members never ventured out of the neighborhood to learn about American culture.
Ethnic Neighborhoods

26. The Public Schools were created to help assimilate immigrant children to American culture.
The public school movement in Northern cities was started by Horace Mann at a time when immigration was increasing rapidly. Usually children in families learned to speak English before their parents or grandparents, and practiced American customs and traditions rather than – or in addition to - the customs of their native countries.

27. Immigrant Contributions
Immigrants were the backbone to America’s workforce, taking jobs in steel mills, meatpacking plants, mines, and garment workshops.
Ethnic foods gained great popularity.
Immigrants and the children of immigrants were major contributors of inventions and innovations.
New cultural traditions – St. Patrick’s Day, Santa Claus etc.
Immigrant Contributions

28. Nativism – (n.) Anti-Immigrant bigotry and racism
Nativists believed that the United States must be preserved for native born Americans – and the immigrants constituted a threat to the American way of life. This despite the fact that EVERY American is a descendent of immigrants and our nation could never have been founded were it not for the contributions of immigrants.
Nativism – (n.) Anti-Immigrant bigotry and racism

29. Foreign Languages
Non-Christian, or non-Protestant religious faiths.
Unusual customs.
Immigrants took jobs from American workers.
Violence
Crime
Poverty
Intemperance
Anarchy
Superstitions and Sabbath Desecration
Alleged Negative Characteristics of Immigrants - Nativists attributed all of the problems in American Society to immigrant groups. Frequently, immigrants were the victims of these conditions, not the cause.

30. U.S. Government Starts to Limit Immigration
The Immigration Acts of 1917 and 1924 placed restrictive barriers on immigration as well. Literacy requirements and economic tests prevented poor immigrants from coming to America.

31. The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882
The Act prohibited the immigration of all Chinese laborers. It was renewed in 1892 and made permanent in The law was repealed in 1943.
The laws were driven largely by racial concerns; immigration of persons of other races was unlimited during this period

32. Why did Cities Grow - Specialized industries,
Textile (New England)
Steel (Pittsburgh)

33. Specialized industries
Meat Packing (Chicago)
Automobile (Detroit)

34. Another Reason for Cities Growing
• Movement of Americans from rural to urban areas for job opportunities
Mechanization (e.g., the reaper) reduced farm labor needs and increased production.
Industrial development in cities created increased labor needs.

35. Ways people tried to solve immigrations problems
Rapid industrialization and urbanization led to overcrowded immigrant neighborhoods and tenements.
Ways people tried to solve immigrations problems

36. Tenements & Ghettos

37. Life In Tenements Overcrowded Disease Poorly constructed
No garbage collection
Danger of fire
High crime

38. Settlement Houses
A center in an underprivileged area that provides various community services
The first settlement house was Toynbee Hall which opened in 1883 in the London slums

39. Jane Addams Born in 1860 Grew up in a wealthy family in Cedarville, IL
After graduating, went on a trip of Europe
Visited Toynbee Hall Settlement House in London
Opened Hull House shortly after her return home

40. Hull House Built in 1856 by Charles Hull
By the 1880’s was surrounded by tenements & factories
Opened as America’s first Settlement House in 1889
By 1893 was serving over two thousand people a week

41. Quick Facts about Hull House
Consisted of about 13 buildings
Had the first gym in America
Offered classes, clubs, nurseries
Had a library, art museum
Closed in 1963
Made a historic landmark in 1967
Only two buildings remain
The area surrounding Hull House is now home to Oprah Winfrey’s Harpo Studios
There are some interesting ghost stories for Hull House

42. Political Machines
An unofficial system of political organization based on patronage
Simply put…people in political offices, like mayors, would offer jobs and other perks to people in exchange for votes
Example “Boss” Tweed and Tammany Hall

43. Political Machines Good or Bad?
Found housing for new immigrants.
Helped find jobs for new immigrants.
Gave immigrants a way into careers.
Total control over city governments.
Sold favors for votes.
Stole money from the cities.
Basically acted like big bullies!

44. Political Cartoons

45. The modern world is coming….
4d - The impact of new inventions, the rise of big business, the growth of industry, and life on American farms.
The modern world is coming….

46. inventions
Between the Civil War and World War I, the United States was transformed from primarily an agricultural society into one based on manufacturing and services.
Inventions had both positive and negative effects on society

47. Electric Lighting & Mechanical Uses of Electricity
Perfected by Thomas Edison in 1879
The light bulb and electricity, it was used to light homes and factories in major cities.
NOTE: Rural areas did not have electricity yet.

48. FUN FACT: Most NYC buildings did not have electricity, so Edison built a power plant to supply power by His company, Edison Electric, later became General Electric

50. Telephone Service Invented by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876
DEFINITION: It was used to improve communication
FUN FACT: It was originally called the “talking telegraph.” By 1900, almost 1.5 million telephones were in the U.S.

51. Alexander Graham Bell

52. Railroads
permitted large-scale, long-distance transport of goods

53. Rise of big business led by captains of industry
John D. Rockefeller - oil
Andrew Carnegie - steel
Cornelius Vanderbilt - shipping and railroads
J.P. Morgan – banking
(The Men Who Built America)

54. Captains of Industry
Some of the men who led the “New Industrial Revolution” and the Rise of Big Business
The Men Who Built America

55. John D. Rockefeller
Was the founder of Standard Oil Company, which dominated the oil industry and was the first U.S. trust. He was the first billionaire.
Upon his retirement he established foundations that set the model for modern charitable giving.

56. Andrew Carnegie
Scottish-American Industrialist who led the expansion of the US steel industry. His Carnegie Steel is the forerunner to US Steel which comes to dominate steel production.
Carnegie devoted the remainder of his life to large-scale philanthropy, with special emphasis on local libraries, world peace, education and scientific research.
He is an example of a “rags to riches” story.

57. Reasons for Business Growth
National markets created by transportation advances
Advertising
Lower-cost production (assembly line)
Lack of competition (monopolies and trusts)

58. Cornelius Vanderbilt
Built a huge fortune from steamship lines and railroads.
The first of America’s great men of wealth.

59. J. P. Morgan Financier and Banker
He dominated American corporate finance and industrial consolidation from the 1880s until his death in 1913
Will purchase Carnegie Steel and create US Steel.
Financed Edison’s work with electricity, later creating General Electric.

60. National markets created by transportation advances
Transportation Improvements were critical having a “United States”

61. Faster transportation
Example: trains

62. National Markets (big cities-NYC, catalogues-Sears)
Example: family in New York City

63. Lower Cost of Production (Assembly Line)
The ability to produce large quantities of the same product, led to a lower cost for each item.
The lower cost of production lead to lower prices and higher profits.

64. Lack of Competition (Monopolies and Trusts)
Because the Captains of Industry controlled key industries, that did not have to worry about competition and could grow their companies to incredible sizes. They could pay employees what they wanted and charge what they wanted for their products.

65. Factors that resulted in growth of industry
Access to raw materials and energy sources
Large work force (due to immigration)
New inventions
Financial resources

66. Access to Raw Materials and Energy Sources
In order for the industrial advances to happen, huge amounts of natural resources were necessary. Luckily, America had them!
The primary energy source until the early 1900s was coal
Oil becomes the key energy source of the 20th Century.

67. Cities of Industry Automobiles Steel Textiles Philadelphia Pittsburgh
Detroit
Automobiles
Boston
Steel
St. Louis
New York City
Textiles
Chicago

68. Natural Resources
Coal
Iron
Copper
Oil

69. Industrial Centers
Industrial Centers (Factories)

70. Large Work Force (due to immigration)
By the late 1800s, America was seeing a huge wave of immigration. The majority of these new immigrants are going to become the labor source for America’s industrial growth.

71. New Inventions
New inventions like the turbine engine to create large quantities of electricity, The Bessemer Process that allowed for the production of steel more cheaply, and others allowed America to manufacture more products than any country in the world by 1920.

72. Financial Resources
All of these industries need huge amounts of capital ($$$) in order to grow and prosper. With the growth of Investment Bankers (i.e. J. P. Morgan) and the rise of the stock market, money was not a problem for industry.

73. Examples of big business
Railroads
Coal
Oil
Steel

74. Post Civil War changes in farm and city life
• Mechanization (e.g., the reaper) reduced farm labor needs and increased production.
• Industrial development in cities created increased labor needs.
• Industrialization provided new access to consumer goods (e.g., mail order).

75. Negative effects of industrialization
Child labor
Low wages, long hours
Unsafe working conditions
Impact on the environment
Monopolies
Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire

76. Rise of organized labor
Formation of unions: Growth of American Federation of Labor
Strikes: Homestead Strike and Pullman Strike

77. Pullman Strike

78. Homestead Strike

79. Progressive Movement workplace reforms
Improved safety conditions
Reduced work hours
Placed restrictions on child labor