1. Amino Acid Metabolism

2. Role of Amino Acids Protein monomeric units Energy source
Precursors of other biological molecules

3. Protein Monomeric Units

4. Energy Source

5. Precursors (Nitrogen-containing Compounds)
Heme
Nucleotides
Amines
Nucleotide Coenzymes
Glutathione

6. Precursors (a-ketoacids)

7. Classification (Mammals)
Essential amino acids
Non-essential amino acids

8. Amino Acid Deamination (First Reaction in Amino Acid Breakdown)

9. Aminotransferases (Transaminases)

10. Oxidative Deamination

11. Amino Acid Oxidase

12. Transamination (Reactions)

13. Summary

14. Degradative Fates of Glutamate Regeneration of a-Ketoglutarate

15. Glutamate-Aspartate Aminotransferase

16. Glutamate Dehydrogenase (Oxidative Deamination)

17. Formation of Urea

18. Degradative Fates of Glutamate Regeneration of a-Ketoglutarate

19. Urea Cycle

20. Urea Cycle (Introduction)

21. Nitrogen Waste Products

22. Classification of Organisms (Nitrogen Excretion Patterns)
Ammonotelic: ammonia excreting
Ureotelic: urea excreting
Uricotelic: uric acid excreting

27. Overall Urea Cycle (Liver)

31. Glutamate Dehydrogenase (Generation of NH3)

32. Carbamyl Phosphate Synthetase (CPS) (Mitochondrion)

33. Carbamyl Phosphate Synthetase (CPS)
CPSI (Mitochondria)
Uses NH3
Urea Cycle
CPSII (Cytosol)
Uses Glutamine
Pyrimidine Biosynthesis

34. Ornithine Transcarbamylase (OTC) (Mitochondrion)

35. Glutamate Dehydrogenase

36. Regeneration of Aspartate (Cytosol)

37. Oxidation of 2 NADH Yields 6 ATP

38. Activator

39. Products of Amino Acid Breakdown
Glucogenic
Pyruvate
– a-Ketoglutarate
Succinyl-CoA
Fumarate
Oxaloacetate
Ketogenic
Acetyl-CoA
Acetoacetate

40. Degradation of amino acids to one of seven common metabolic intermediates.
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41. Animals cannot carryout net synthesis of precursors of gluconeogenesis from acetyl-CoA or acetoacetate

42. Conversion of Pyruvate and Oxaloacetate to PEP (Gluconeogenesis)

43. Degradation to Pyruvate
Alanine, Cysteine, Glycine, Serine and Threonine

44. Degradation of amino acids
Amino acid breakdown can yield:
Acetyl-CoA
-a-KG
Succinyl-CoA
OAA
fumarate

45. a-KG is generated from five amino acids
Proline
Glutamate
Glutamine
Arginine
Histidine

47. Four amino acids are converted to Succinyl-CoA
Methionine
Converted to homocysteine through methyl group transfer, generates cysteine as converted to a-ketobutyrate
Isoleucine
Transamination, oxidative decarboxylation to acetyl-CoA and propionyl CoA
Valine
Transamination, decarboxylation to propionyl CoA
Threonine
- a-ketobutyrate generated and converted to propionyl CoA

48. Propionyl-CoA is a common intermediate for amino acids  succinyl-CoA

49. Branched-chain a-keto acid dehydrogenase complex
In certain body tissues, this enzyme catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of valine, isoleucine, and leucine yielding CO2, and acyl-CoA derivatives.
Shares ancestry with pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, a-KG dehydrogenase complex – another example of gene duplication

50. Branched-chain …complex

51. Asparagine and aspartate are degraded to OAA

52. Fate of metabolites derived from amino acids
In addition to feeding the citric acid cycle, amino acids can result in ketone bodies, while others are gluconeogenic

54. Ketone bodies
The six amino acids that are degraded to acetoacetyl-CoA and/or acetyl-CoA) can be converted to acetoacetate and b-hydroxybutyrate

55. Glucogenic amino acids
Amino acids that are degraded to pyruvate, a-KG, succinyl-CoA fumarate, and/or OAA can be converted to glucose