1. Connective Tissue Components
3 major components of connective tissue:
1. Ground substance
2. Extracellular fibers
3. Cells
____________________ __________ = Fibers + Ground substance
Matrix surrounds and separates the cells, providing important structural and nutritional support to them.

3. Connective Tissue Components: Ground Substance
Composed of glycoproteins called __________________ (GAGs)
hyaluronic acid
Helps to orient fiber formation in connective tissue.
Is medium through which cells exchange nutrients and waste with the ______________________.
Acts as ____________-__________________ cushion and helps to protect the delicate cells that it surrounds.

4. Fibers of Connective Tissue
Collagenous:
Most common fiber found in the body
Strong, thick bands organized into bundles, composed of ____________ (structural protein).
Resist ____________ forces, so they are found in tendons and ligaments that are continuously being pulled and stretched.

5. Fibers of Connective Tissue
Reticular:
Composed of collagen
Thin, delicate, many ______________.
Form support around highly ____________ organs
endocrine glands, lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow, liver
Elastic:
Composed of protein _____________.
Are branched and form networks
Can stretch and are found in tissues that stretch: vocal cords, lungs, skin, blood vessel walls.

6. Major Cell Types of Connective Tissue
Fixed Cells:
Remain in the connective tissue
_____________ & ______________
the matrix
Fibroblasts:
Secrete fibers and ground substance of the matrix
Can reproduce and are metabolically active.
Name is based on ________________.
Chondroblast (cartilage), osteoblast (bone), etc.
As the cells mature and the matrix is formed, cells become less active and suffix is changed to –_________.
Chondrocyte, osteocyte, fibrocyte
Can revert back to blast if more matrix is needed.

7. Major Cell Types of Connective Tissue
Adipose cells/Adipocytes:
Found throughout connective tissue
Resemble fibroblasts early on, but become filled with lipid and swell.
_____________ gets pushed to the side
Adipocytes clustered together form ____________ tissue.
prominent under the skin and in the abdomen

8. Major Cell Types of Connective Tissue
Reticular Cells:
Flat, star-shaped cells that form net-like connections with other cells
Manufacture reticular fibers.
Found in tissues of the immune system: lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow

9. Major Cell Types of Connective Tissue
Wandering Cells:
Move in and out of connective tissue as needed.
Help ______________ and ______________ the matrix.
Leukoctyes:
Move into connective tissue during periods of infection/inflammation.
Squeeze through the simple squamous epithelium of blood vessels (____________________)
Engulf and digest invaders or produce antibodies against them

10. Major Cell Types of Connective Tissue
Wandering cells continued..
Mast cells
Carry ____________ & ______________ granules which initiate inflammatory response when released
Usually found near blood vessels
Macrophages:
__________________ scavengers
Engulf microbes, dead cells and debris that are digested by the macrophage’s lysosomes
drawn to sites of infection where they engulf invaders

11. Types of Connective Tissue
Connective Tissue Proper:
Loose Connective Tissue- supports structures that it surrounds, highly cellular
Areolar, Adipose, Reticular
Dense Connective Tissue- reinforces and binds structures, highly fibrous, little vascularization, ground substance, or cells
Dense regular, Dense irregular, Elastic
Specialized Connective Tissue:
Cartilage
Hyaline, Elastic, Fibrocartilage
Bone
Compact, Cancellous
Blood

14. Loose Connective Tissue: Areolar
Most common type of connective tissue
Surrounds every organ
Acts to support and cushion
Predominant cell is _____________________.
Has “_________” spaces that contain fluid and viscous ground substance
Filling of open spaces during trauma is called ____________.

15. Loose Connective Tissue: Adipose
AKA ________
Found beneath skin, in bone marrow, in abdomen
Energy storage, insulator, shock absorber
Adipocytes predominate
Cells ____________/_____________ based on amount of lipid being stored in them.
May be classified as:
White:
Described above
Brown:
Found in ______________ and _____________________ animals
Site of heat production, temperature regulation
Loose Connective Tissue: Adipose

16. Loose Connective Tissue: Reticular
Framework for spleen, liver, lymph nodes, bone marrow
Called __________
Contains only one type of fiber: _____________
Many fibroblasts

17. Dense Connective Tissue: Regular
Makes up tendons, ligaments, fascia
Tightly packed,_______________ collagenous fibers
Little vascularization, slow to heal
Little ground substance
Fibroblasts line the collagen bundles
Resists strong pulling forces in ______ direction.

18. Dense Connective Tissue: Irregular
Found in dermis, organ capsules
Forms tough capsule of joints.
Collagenous fibers in thicker bundles than those in dense regular connective tissue.
Sheets of collagen in _____________ directions.
Single sheet that can withstand pulling forces from multiple different directions.

19. Dense Connective Tissue: Elastic
Found in areas of the body that require _____________:
Stomach, artery walls, bladder
Beneath transitional epithelium in urinary tract
High concentration of elastic fibers (more than collagen) that are extremely flexible.
Dense Connective Tissue: Elastic

20. Specialized Connective Tissue: Cartilage
More rigid than dense connective tissue, more flexible than bone.
Prevents bones from rubbing against each other.
Does not contain nerves or blood vessels.
Receives nutrition from ________________.
Chondrocytes live in pockets called _______________.
3 types of cartilage:
Hyaline cartilage, Elastic Cartilage, Fibrocartilage

21. Specialized Connective Tissue: Cartilage
Hyaline Cartilage
Most common type of cartilage found in body.
Found as _____________ cartilage at end of long bones and joints.
Most rigid type of cartilage.
Closely packed collagenous fibers that make it tough but more flexible than bone.

22. Specialized Connective Tissue: Cartilage
Elastic Cartilage
Similar to hyaline cartilage but contains __________ fibers
Give it flexibility, ability to bend
Found in pinnae, epiglottis
Fibrocartilage
Found between vertebrae, in pelvis, and in knee joint
Able to handle compression, absorbs __________
Thick bundles of collagen, but few chondrocytes

23. Specialized Connective Tissue: Bone
Hardest and most rigid type of connective tissue
Cells- Osteoclasts and Osteoblasts
Matrix – collagenous fibers and calcium salts
______________- chambers where osteocytes reside
_________________- tiny channels through matrix that allows osteocytes to communicate
Blood Supply- _______________ canals

24. Specialized Connective Tissue: Blood
Most atypical type of connective tissue.
Carries nutrients and gases through the body
Cells:
Erythrocytes (_______ blood cells)
Leukocytes (__________ blood cells)
Thrombocytes (____________)
Matrix: Fluid (___________); fibers are only visible in a ___________ and are known as fibrin.

25. Membranes
Epithelial sheet bound to underlying layer of connective tissue proper*.
Epithelium is bathed in liquid
Types:
Mucous
Serous
Cutaneous
Synovial*

26. Mucous Membranes (mucosa)
Always found lining organs that have connection to ________________ environment.
Digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts
Epithelium covers the lamina propria (loose areolar connective tissue)
Produces ________________ (exception: urinary tract)
lubrication, defense, reduce friction
Play role in monitoring and controlling what enters into body.

27. Serous Membranes (serosa)
Line walls and cover organs that fill chest and abdomen.
Continuous membrane sheet that is doubled over to form a _____________ and ______________ layer.
simple squamous epithelium + loose connective tissue
___________ is found between the two serosal layers to reduce friction.
Large amount of fluid is called _____________.
Effusion in abdomen is termed ascites.

28. Cutaneous Membrane (integument/skin)
Perpetually exposed to environment.
Composed of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium called ________________.
Epidermis is attached to underlying dense irregular connective tissue called _______________.

29. Synovial Membranes Line the cavities of ____________.
Contain no _________________.
composed exclusively of loose adipose connective tissue covered by collagenous fibers and fibroblasts
Manufacture synovial fluid that fills the joint spaces and reduces friction and abrasion at the ends of bones.