1. The Circulatory System
Parts and Function

2. The 3 main parts of The Circulatory system
The Heart
The Blood Vessels
Blood

3. THE HEART

4. The Heart Located near the center of your chest under the sternum.
Enclosed in a double layer protective sac of tissue called the pericardium.

5. Parts of The Heart The Atria -Receiving Chambers The Ventricles
-Pumping Chambers
The Valves
-Controls Flow
The Interventricular Septum
-Divides the Heart

6. Types of Blood Vessels Arteries -Carry blood away from the Heart
` Thick with muscle for pumping
-The Aorta is the largest artery
Veins
-Carry blood to the Heart
-Veins contain valves
-The Vena Cava is the largest vein
Capillaries
-Known as the “Distribution Pipes”

7. Artery vs. Vein

11. Blood

12. It also contains useful things like;
Plasma
It also contains useful things like;
carbon dioxide
glucose
amino acids
proteins
minerals
vitamins
hormones
waste materials
like urea.
A straw-colour liquid that carries the cells and the platelets which help blood clot.
90% is made of water

13. Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)
A biconcave disc that is round and flat without a nucleus
Contains hemoglobin, a molecule specially designed to hold oxygen and carry it to cells that need it.
Produced in the bone marrow of the long bones and have a life span of 120 days. Eventually they are broken down by the liver and spleen.
Can change shape to an amazing extent, without breaking, as it squeezes single file through the capillaries.

14. White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)
There are many types. They are large and all contain a big nucleus.
The two main ones are the lymphocytes and the macrophages.
Macrophages ‘eat’ and digest micro-organisms .
Some lymphocytes fight disease by making antibodies to destroy invaders by dissolving them.
Other lymphocytes make antitoxins to break down poisons.

15. Platelets are bits of cell broken off larger cells.
Have a life span of 7 days.
Platelets produce tiny fibrinogen fibres to form a net. This net traps other blood cells to form a blood clot.

16. Blood Clotting Break in Capillary Wall Blood vessels injured.
Clumping of Platelets
Platelets clump at the site and release thromboplastin.
Thromboplastin converts the plasma protein prothrombin into the enzyme thrombin.
Clot Forms
Thrombin converts soluble plama fibrinogen into insoluble strands of fibrin.
Fibrin acts a web to trap the RBC’s and platelets.
The clot prevents further loss of blood.

18. Blood flow through the heart
There are 2 sides to your heart that are separated by the interventricular septum
This makes a distinct right and left side.
It is important to understand that each side has its own function

20. Blood flow through the heart
Right Side
Blood enters the heart through two large veins, the inferior and superior vena cava, emptying oxygen-poor blood from the body into the right atrium.
Left side
The pulmonary vein empties oxygen-rich blood, from the lungs into the left atrium.

21. Right Side
Blood flows from your right atrium into your right ventricle through the open tricuspid valve. When the ventricles are full, the tricuspid valve shuts. This prevents blood from flowing backward into the atria while the ventricles contract (squeeze).
Left Side
Blood flows from your left atrium into your left ventricle through the open mitral valve. When the ventricles are full, the mitral valve shuts. This prevents blood from flowing backward into the atria while the ventricles contract (squeeze).

22. Right Side
Blood leaves the heart through the pulmonic valve, into the pulmonary artery and to the lungs
Left Side
Blood leaves the heart through the aortic valve, into the aorta and to the body.
This pattern is repeated, causing blood to flow continuously to the heart, lungs and body.

23. How does blood flow through your lungs?
Once blood travels to your lungs is called the pulmonary circulation.
Blood flow: heart → pulmonary artery → tiny capillary vessels in the lungs
O2 is picked up and CO2 is dropped off filling up the lungs (exhale)
Once the blood is purified and oxygenated, it travels back to the left atrium through the pulmonary veins.

24. What makes our heart beat?
Electrical Impulses!!! (yes, we ARE electric)
Electric waves are transmitted from the Sinoatrial Node (SA node) through both atria to the Atrioventricular Node (AV node) and then to the Purkinje Fibers which surround the Ventricles
It Shocks the ventricle causing it to contract (pump)

25. The rest of the purple indicate Purkinje Fibers
#1 = SA node
#2 = AV Node
The rest of the purple indicate Purkinje Fibers

26. Factors that affect blood flow
Blood pressure
Force with which blood pushes on the wall of an artery
Blood volume
Resistance, disease, exercise
Build up of plaque in arteries causes high blood pressure
Diseases lead to heart attack and stroke
Exercise reduces risk of the above, helps maintain a healthy heart!

27. Blood Pressure Highest in the arteries; Lowest in the veins
Average blood pressure = 120/80
(Systolic #/Diastolic #)
Systolis vs diastolic blood pressure
Systolic Pressure: measure of the pressure when the ventricles contract
Diastolic Pressure: measure of the pressure when the heart relaxes

28. Cardiovascular Diseases
Hypertension (High Blood Pressure)
Average is greater than 140/90
Places a strain on the walls of the arteries which may lead to them eventually bursting.
Arteriosclerosis
Hardening of the arteries caused by calcium being deposited.
Causes the heart to overwork itself.
Stroke
Blood clot in any area of the brain which causes that area to die.

29. Heart Arrhythmia
Heart Arrhythmia: an irregular heartbeat is an arrhythmia
2 types:
Tachycardia: abnormally quick heart beat
Bradycardia: abnormally slow heart beat

30. Cardiac Arrest vs Heart attack
Heart Attack: where the heart usually continues to beat but blood flow to the heart is blocked.
Cardiac Arrest: occurs when the heart develops an arrhythmia that causes it to stop beating

31. Anemia
a decrease in normal number of red blood cells (RBCs) or less than the normal quantity of hemoglobin in the blood
This means that less oxygen is getting to your body and you will feel weak and fatigued
Iron is a suppliment for mild cases.

32. What causes Varicose and spider veins?
Veins carry blood back to the heart
Veins have valves that act as one-way flaps.
These valves prevent the blood from flowing backwards
If the one-way valves become weak, blood can leak back into the vein and collect there called venous insufficiency.
Pooled blood enlarges the vein

33. Blood Types
Also called blood groups is a classification of blood based on the presence or absence of antigen substances on the surface of red blood cells (RBCs)
Antigen = substances that can trigger an immune response by prompting the generation of antibodies if something foreign is in the body

34. Antigens may be proteins, carbohydrates, glycoproteins, or glycolipids, depending on the blood group system.

35. There are very specific ways in which blood types must be matched for a safe transfusion: 
O = Universal Donor
A = Donates to A and AB
B = Donates to B and AB
AB = Donates to AB

36. Blood Types Four Types Inherited from your parentsAB O
Inherited from your parents
Each type has different proteins on the surface

37. What Makes Our Blood Type?

38. Rh Factor Rhesus factor (Rh), also inherited Rh+ (have antigen)
Rh- (NO antigen)
Can cause complications in pregnancies
Mother  Rh-
1st baby  Rh+
During birth some of the babies blood mixes with mother
Mother’s body reacts by making antibodies against the Rh+ antigen
2nd baby  Rh+
Mother’s body contains antibodies that will seek out and attack the baby’s blood.
May destroy the child blood causing anemia or jaundice.
Now have medicine to prevent antibody formation