1. SHANDONG UNIVERSITY Liu Zhiyu
Splanchnology
SHANDONG UNIVERSITY
Liu Zhiyu

2. Splanchnology Composition: Characters of viscera Alimentary system
Respiratory system
Urinary system
Reproductive system
Characters of viscera
Most of viscera organs lies in the thoracic, abdominal and pelvis cavities
All of then communicate with external environment through some orifices or channels

3. Reference lines of thorax
Anterior median line
Sternal line
Midclavicular line
Parasternal line

4. ★ Reference lines of thorax
Posterior median line
Anteriorlary line
Midaxillary line
Scapular line
Posterior axillary line

5. The Respiratory System

6. The Respiratory System
Composition
Respiratory tract
Nose
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Lungs : paired organs of respiration 　
Function of respiratory system : supply the body with oxygen and to get rid of excess carbon dioxide resulting from cell metabolism
upper respiratory tract
lower respiratory tract

7. The Nose External nose Root of nose Back of nose Apex of nose
Alae of nasi

8. Nasal cavity
Nasal cavity is divided into right and left halves by nasal septum.
The septum is made up of the septal cartilage, the vertical plate of the ethmoid, and the vomer.
Each nasal cavity extends from the nostril in front to the choanae behind.
Nasal septum

9. Nasal cavity Two parts: Divided by limen nasi
Nasal vestibule
Proper nasal cavity
Boundaries of nasal cavity
Roof－cribriform plate of ethmoid
Floor－hard palate
Medial wall－nasal septum
Lateral wall ★
Superior, middle and inferior nasal conchae
Superior, middle and inferior nasal meatus
Sphenoethmoidal recess

10. Nasal cavity Remove the middle nasal conchae Ethmoidal bulla
Semilunar hiatus
Ethmoidal infundibulum

11. Nasal cavity Mucous membrane of nasal cavity
The vestibule is lined by modified skin.
Olfactory region : the area above superior nasal conchae is lined with olfactory mucous membrane which contains olfactory cells
Respiratory region : the lower part of the nasal cavity is lined with respiratory mucous membrane. Its function is to warm, moisten, and clean the inspired air.

12. ★The paranasal sinuses
Name of sinus
Site of drainage
Frontal sinus
Middle meatus via infundibulum
Maxillary sinus
Middle meatus through semilunar hiatus
Sphenoid sinus
Sphenoethmoidal recess
Ethmoidal sinuses
anterior group
middle group
posterior group
Middle meatus
Superior nasal meatus

13. Frontal sinus
Ethmoidal sinuses
Sphenoid sinus
Maxillary sinus

14. The Larynx
★ Position－situated in the anterior part of the neck (below the hyoid bone), and extends from vertebral level of C3 to C6
The framework of the larynx is made up of cartilages, which connected by membranes and ligaments and moved by muscles. It is lines by mucous membrane.

15. ★ Layngeal cartilages Thyroid cartilage Cricoid cartilage
Shield-shaped cartilage
Laryngeal prominence
Superior thyroid notch
Superior and inferior cornua
Cricoid cartilage
Complete ring of cartilage (shaped like a signet ring)
Arch of cricoid cartilage－at level of C6
Larnina of cricoid cartilage

16. ★ Layngeal cartilages Arytenoid cartilage Epiglottic cartilage
Paired, pyramid shaped, articulate with lamina of cricoid cartilage
Vocal process anteriorly, site of posterior attachment of vocal fold
Muscular process
Epiglottic cartilage
Leaf-shaped elastic cartilage
Attached by its stalk to the thyroid cartilage

17. Laryngeal joints
Cricothyroid joint
Cricoarytenoid joint

18. Membranes and ligaments of larynx
Thyrohyroid membrane －extending from hyoid bone to thyroid cartilage

19. Membranes and ligaments of larynx
Quadrangular membrane
Between epiglottic, thyroid and arytenoid cartilages
Lower free border forms vestibular ligament
Conus elasticus
Between arytenoids, thyroid, and cricoid cartilages
Upper free border forms vocal ligament
Median cricothyroid ligment may be site of circothyrotomy during acute respiratory obstruction

20. Membranes and ligaments of larynx
Quadrangular membrane
Vocal ligament
Vestibular ligament
Conus elasticus

21. Membranes and ligaments of larynx
Cricotracheal ligament －between cricoid cartilage and first ring of trachea

22. Muscles of larynx
Tensing the vocal ligament－cricothyroid
Cricothyroid

23. Muscles of larynx Relaxing the vocal ligament－thyroarytenoid

24. Muscles of larynx Opening the glottis－posterior cricoarytenoid

25. Muscles of larynx Closing the glottis－ lateral cricoarytenoid

26. Laryngeal cavity
★ Aperture of larynx －bounded by upper border epiglottic cartilage, aryepiglottic folds and interarytenoid notch

27. ★ Laryngeal cavity Two pairs of shelf like folds : Vestibular folds
Fixed fold on each side of the larynx
Formed by mucous membrane covering the vestibular ligament and is pink in color
Vocal folds
Mobile fold on each side of the larynx.
Formed by mucous membrane covering the vocal ligament and is white in color

28. ★ Laryngeal cavity Two fissures Rima vestibuli Fissure of glottis
The narrowest part of the laryngeal cavity
Inter membranous part －anterior 3/5, between vocal-folds
Intercartilaginous part －posterior 2/5, between arytenoids cartilages

29. ★ Laryngeal cavity Three parts Laryngeal vestibule
Extends from the aperture of larynx to the rima vestibuli
Tubercle of epiglottis
Intermedial cavity of larynx
Extends from the level of the rima vestibuli to the level of the fissure of glottis
Ventricle of larynx a small recess between vestibular and vocal folds on each side
Infraglottic cavity extends from the level of the vocal folds to the lower border of the cricoid cartilage

30. ★ The Trachea Position Structure features
Extends from the lower border of cricoid cartilage to the level of sternal angle (between T4－T5 vertebrae) where it divides into right and left principal bronchi
Structure features
Consists of about 14－17 C-shaped incomplete tracheal cartilages
Bifurcation of trachea
Carina of trachea — ridge of cartilage at bifurcation

31. ★ Bronchi Right principal bronchus Left principal bronchus
Shorter, wider, and more vertical than the left
About 2.5cm long, Leaves the extend line of the middle line of trachea at 22～25o angle
Foreign bodies are therefore more likely to lodge in this bronchus or one of its branches
Left principal bronchus
Narrower, longer, and more horizontal than the right
About 5cm long, leaves the extend line of the middle line o trachea at about 35～36o angle

32. ★ The Lungs Position: General features
Located in the thoracic cavity by both sides of mediastinum
General features
Cone-shaped, the right lung is shorter and broader, the left one is longer and narrower
Apex of lung－projects upward into the neck for approximately 2.5 cm above the medial third of clavicle into neck
Base－concave, sits on the diaphragm, also called diaphragmatic surface
Costal surface－large, convex, related to thoracic wall

33. ★ The Lungs Medial surface－concave, related to mediastinum
Hilum of lung middle of medial surface, which is a depression where the bronchi, vessels, and nerves enter the lung to form the root
Root of lung
Contents
Principal bronchus
Pulmonary artery and vein
Nerves and lymphatic vessels
Surrounded by connective tissue
Order of structures in the root of lung
From before backward: V.A. B.
From above downward:
L.－A. B. V.
R.－B. A. V.

34. ★ The Lungs Borders Anterior－sharp Cardiac notch Lingual in left lung
Posterior－blunt
Inferior－ sharp

35. ★ The Lungs Lobes and Fissure Right lung
Two fissures : horizontal and oblique
Three lobes : superior, middle, inferior
Left lung
One fissure : oblique
Two lobes : superior and inferior

36. Bronchial tree
Each principal bronchus divides into lobar bronchi (two on the left, three on the right), each of which supplies a lobe of lung. Each lobar bronchus then divided into segmental bronchi, which supply specific segments of the lung.

37. Bronchopulmonary segments
Bronchopulmonary segments are the anatomic, functional, and surgical units of the lungs.
It is pyramidal in shape, with its apex toward the lung root, ten in each lung
It has a segmental bronchus, a segmental artery, lymph vessels, and nerves.
The segmental veins lie in the connective tissue between bronchopulmonary segments
Because it is a structural unit, a diseased segment can be removed surgically.

38. Bronchopulmonary segments

39. Bronchogram showing the branching pattern of the trachea and bronchi of the right lung, in a slightly oblique anteroposterior view. In this procedure, a radiopaque contrast medium has been introduced into the respiratory tract to coat the walls of the respiratory passages

40. ★ The Pleura General features Serous membranes forming closed sacs
Two layers
Visceral pleura －covers the outer surfaces of the lungs, and extends into the interlober fissures
Parietal pleura －lines the thoracic wall and coves the diaphragm and the lateral surface of the mediastinum

41. The Pleura
Two pleural layers continue with each other at root of lung forming closed potential space－pleural cavity
Contains a small amount of pleural fluid
Subatmospheric pressure in it

42. ★ Named parts of parietal pleura
Cupula of pleura －extends up into the neck, over the apex of lung, 2.5cm above the medial third of clavicle
Costal pleura －lines the inner surface of the wall of the chest
Mediastinal pleura
Lines mediastinum
Pulmonary ligament －redundant pleura at root of lung, which extends downward, allows movement of structures forming root of lung
Diaphragmatic pleura －Lines diaphragm

43. Pleura recesses
Potential spaces of pleural cavity which lungs are not occupied in quiet respiration
Costodiaphragmatic recesse－are the slit-like space between costal and diaphragmatic pleurae on each side, the lowest area of pleural cavity into which the lungs expand during deep inspiration.
Costomediastinal recess －on the left side between the mediastinal pleural and costal pleura

44. ★ Surface markings of lower border of the lung and pleura
Midclavicular lines
Midaxillary lines
Scapular line
Sides of the vertebral column
Lungs
6th rib
8th rib
10th rib
T11
Pleura
11th rib
T12

45. Thoracentesis