1. The Plant Kingdom
Chapter 6

2. Plant Kingdom
Domain Eukarya

5. Nutrition Plants have chlorophyll and make their own glucose
Photosynthesis: converts sun energy into chemical energy
Autotrophs
The glucose is stored as starch

6. Movement
Tropism: movement in response to the environment
3 main types

7. phototropism
growth or movement towards light
Sunflower

8. Geotropism
The growth of parts of a plant towards or away from the source of gravity
Roots grow downward-toward gravity
Stems grow upward- away from gravity

10. thigmotropism
The growth of parts of a plant in response to touch

11. Growth
Primary Growth: the increase in the length or height of plants by cell division
This happens when plants grow up towards the sun and when the roots grow down into the soil

12. Growth (cont)
Lateral Growth: the increasing thickness of some stems

13. Roots, stems, & leaves
Plants have special organs to deliver water and carbon dioxide
Maximize the exposure to sunlight
3 organs that are common to all plants: roots, stems, & leaves

14. roots
The organs that anchor plants in the soil and absorb water and minerals

15. Root system Primary roots Secondary roots the structure that grows
straight downward
Called taproot
Secondary roots
Additional roots that grow
sideways, out from the taproot
Called lateral roots

19. Fibrous roots
A type of root system in which a fibrous network of roots replaces the original taproot

21. Parts of a root Zone of maturation: Zone of elongation Meristem
Vascular tissue & root hairs
Zone of elongation
Root cells grow down
Meristem
Root cap
Protects root

22. Inside the root
Epidermis: outermost tissue of a root which protects the root and prevents water loss
Cortex: outermost layer of a stem/root
Vascular tissue: at the center of a root/ stem and transports water & nutrients

23. 2 types of vascular tissue
Xylem: carries water & minerals to the plant from the root
Phloem: carries sugars to the root from the plant

24. Stems
The organ through which the water and minerals are transported to other parts of a plant

25. tubers Specialized stems that grow underground Store food in the form
of starch

26. leaves The organs of photosynthesis They also play a role in excretion
Types of leaves
Simple leaves: single blades
Compound leaves: made of leaflets

30. Leaf anatomy
Cuticle: the waxy layer on a leaf that protects the leaf from outside injury and excessive water loss

31. Leaf anatomy (cont)
Palisade mesophyll cells: long, narrow cells that have the highest content of chlorophyll
They are responsible for most of the photosynthesis

32. Leaf anatomy (cont)
Spongy mesophyll cells: cells packed loosely and separated by large air spaces.
The air spaces allow the diffusion of carbon dioxide into the cells and oxygen out of the cells

34. Stoma- tiny openings, or pores, on the lower epidermis, bottom of the leaf
Guard cell: cells that open and close the stoma; allows movement of air

35. 2 main types of plants Vascular plants:
plants that have vascular tissues which conduct water and nutrients throughout the plant
Non vascular plants:
plants which do not have vessels to carry fluid

36. Non-Vascular plants
The leaves and stems absorb water and minerals directly from the surroundings, including the air
Examples:

37. Non-Vascular plants (cont)
Rhizoids: structures that anchor non-vascular plants to the ground, but do not absorb water or other nutrients
Thallus: the flat sheet-like structure of some non vascular plants

38. Peat moss
A non-vascular plant that can hold water, 20 times its own weight

39. Plants
Non-Vascular
Vascular
Seed-Bearing
Spore-Bearing

40. 2 types of Vascular plants
Spore-bearing
Seed-bearing

41. Spore-Bearing plants reproduce by spores
Examples: ferns, horsetails, club mosses

42. Structure of a fern Fronds: leaves of a fern Rhizome: underground stem
One frond includes many
blades and the stalk
Rhizome: underground stem
Fiddlehead:
young, developing fronds

45. Plants
Non-Vascular
Vascular
Spore-Bearing
Seed-Bearing
Gymnosperms
Angiosperms

46. Gymnosperms Vascular plant that produces plain seeds
Examples: Ginkgo trees, conifers

47. Angiosperms
Vascular, flowering plants which produce seeds protected by a cover (fruit)
Flower: produces the seed and fruit

48. Flower Stamen: Pistil: Petals: color attracts pollinators
Anther: pollen is formed
Filament: stalk
Pistil:
Stigma
Style
Ovary
Petals: color attracts pollinators
Sepals: protect the flower

50. Fruit
Fruit is a means of protection and dispersal for the seeds

51. Plants
Non-Vascular
Vascular
Spore-Bearing
Seed-Bearing
Gymnosperms
Angiosperms
Monocots
Dicots

53. Monocots
One cotyledon (seed leaf)

54. Dicot
Two cotyledons (seed leaves)