1. Europe’s long eighteenth century
Between two treaties and two acts of regicide
1648 Treaty of Westphalia Congress of Vienna
Execution of Charles 1 (1649)
Execution of Louis XVI (1793)

2. HTA101
Europe in 1660:
The Big Picture

3. Demographic Europe
Economic Europe
Social Europe
Religious Europe
Political Europe

4. Albrecht Durer, c. 1500
‘The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse’

5. The Thirty Years War,
The sack of Magdeburg (1631)

6. Great Plague of London, 1665-66

7. London c.1700
London 1700

10. Cross
Sword
Plough

11. The Syndics (Rembrandt, 1662)
Commissioned by the Syndics or the inspectors of the Clothmaker’s Guild in Amsterdam
The Syndics (Rembrandt, 1662)

12. Martin Luther
Pope Leo X

13. Religious Europe

14. The 1648 Treaty of Westphalia
The principle of state sovereignty
States as sovereign over their own internal affairs
Territorial integrity
States not answerable to supernational authorities

16. Holy Roman Empire 1648

17. Execution of Charles I

18. The Return of the King
The Restoration