1. Introduction to Kinesiology The Cardiovascular Systems
An Introduction to Health and Physical Education
Ted Temertzoglou Paul Challen
ISBN

2. Focus Question: “How does the anatomical
structure of the cardiovascular
system ensure
the flow of blood through the heart
and throughout the body?”

3. The Cardiovascular System
Composed of: three parts that work in unison
Heart- acts as a double pump
Blood vessels
Blood
Functions:
Delivery of O2, fuel, and nutrients to the tissues of the body
Removal of CO2 and waste products from the tissues
Maintenance of a constant body temperature (thermoregulation)
Prevention of infection (immune function)

4. The Heart https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c4NbxiemwVo
Hollow organ in the middle of the chest
Formed from specialized muscle tissue called cardiac muscle or myocardium
Size- closed first- weighs about grams
Surrounded by pericardium (tough protective sac); fits loosely over heart- allows heart to expand and contract
Epicardium lines outside of heart, against pericardium; directly under the epicardium is the myocardium, and the endocardium lines inside of heart
Made up of four separate chambers: atria (upper chambers) and ventricles (lower chambers)
Considered a “double-pump” and is divided into the right and left heart; separated by the interventricular septum
Right Heart:
pumps deoxygenated blood that has just returned from the body to the lungs (pulmonary circulation)
Left heart:
Pumps oxygenated blood that has just returned from the lungs to the rest of the body (systemic circulation)

5. The Chambers of the Heart
Heart is made up of four separate chambers; upper chambers are called atria, and the lower chambers are called ventricles
Atria are separated from the ventricles by specialized valves that allow blood to flow only from the atria to the ventricles
Valves are called atrioventricular (AV) valves.
Right side of the heart- AV valve is called the tricuspid valve, because it is composed of three special flaps
Left side of the heart, the valve is called the bicuspid (or mitral) valve, because it is composed of two special flaps
Valves are attached to special muscular extensions of the ventricle wall (papillary muscles) by strands of strong specialized tissue (chordae tendinae)
Papillary muscles and chordae tendinae help to prevent the AV valve from being turned inside out, if they were not present, the valves could be pushed up the atria- umbrella

6. Workbook Exercise 8.2
Internal Anatomy of the Heart- label diagram

7. The Internal Anatomy of the Heart
Aorta
Superior vena cava
Left pulmonary artery
Right pulmonary artery
Aortic semilunar valve
Left pulmonary veins
Right pulmonary veins
Left atrium
Pulmonary semilunar valve
Bicuspid (mitral) valve
Left ventricle
Right atrium
Interventricular septum
Chordae tendinae
Papillary muscles
Tricuspid valve
Chordae tendinae
Right ventricle
Papillary muscles
Inferior vena cava
Thoracic aorta (descending)

8. Structures of the Heart
Common Structures
Structure of right side
Structure of left side
Chordae tendinae
Superior and inferior vena cava
Aorta and thoracic (descending aorta)
Papillary muscles
Right atrium
Left atrium
Interventricular septum
Right ventricle
Left ventricle
Pulmonary artery
Pulmonary vein
Tricuspid valve
Bicuspid (mitral) valve
Pulmonary valve
Aortic valve

9. Circulation of Blood Through the Heart:
Blood is delivered to the right atrium from the superior and inferior vena cava
Superior vena cava returns blood to the heart from the upper body, inferior vena cava returns blood from the lower body
Once the blood is in the right atrium, it passes through the tricuspid valve and enters the right ventricle
Blood is then pumped through the pulmonary semilunar valve and out the pulmonary arteries to the lungs (pulmonary circulation) deoxygenated blood to the lungs where it is re-oxygenated
Blood returns from the lungs through the pulmonary veins to the left atrium
Blood then passes through the bicuspid(mitral) valve into the left ventricle
Blood is pumped through the aortic semilunar valve into the aorta and throughout the systemic circulation(oxygenated blood from the lungs to the rest of the body)
Eventually returning to the heart via sup. and inf. Vena cava.

10. Workbook Exercise 8.2
The Flow of Blood within the Heart

11. Path of Blood Through the Heart
Aorta
Superior vena cava
Left pulmonary artery
Right pulmonary artery
Aortic semilunar valve
Left pulmonary veins
Right pulmonary veins
Left atrium
Pulmonary semilunar valve
Bicuspid (mitral) valve
Left ventricle
Right atrium
Interventricular septum
Chordae tendinae
Papillary muscles
Tricuspid valve
Chordae tendinae
Right ventricle
Papillary muscles
Inferior vena cava
Thoracic aorta (descending)

12. The Heart’s Electrical Conduction System
The cardiac muscle cells are excitable, meaning that with electrical stimulation they will all contract (this is known as a “syncytium”)-contraction of the myocardium(specialized muscle tissue that form the heart) as a single unit.
Within the heart there are areas of specialized tissue that are important in the regulation and coordination of this electrical activity.
These specialized tissues are:
the sinoatrial node (SA node)
the atrioventrical node (AV node)
The contraction of the heart leads to the pumping of blood.
© 2015 Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc.

13. Excitation of the Heart
Sinoatrial node (SA node):
Specialized region of tissue found in wall of right atrium
Location where electrical signals are initiated (“pacemaker”)
The basic rate of contraction set by the SA node is modulated by the automatic NS
Electrical signal travels through both atria via the internodal pathways, causing the atria to contract from the top down and forcing blood into the ventricles.
Atrioventricular node (AV node):
Passes electrical signal from atria into ventricles
Passes electrical signal to the Bundle of His (atrioventricular bundle)
Bundle of His pass electrical signal to the Purkinje fibres
Purkinje fibres pass electrical signal to the myocardium that forms the ventricles
The myocardium contracts-
Leads to contraction of the heart
Leads to the pumping of blood
* Contraction of the heart is initiated in the atria from the top downward, pushing blood into the ventricles.
* The ventricles then contract from the bottom up, forcing blood into the aorta and pulmonary arteries.

14. Excitation of the Heart Cont…
SA node, without input from the NS will cause the heart to contract at approx beats per minute (bpm)
SA Damaged? AV node takes control and becomes the pacemaker of the heart

15. The Heart – Electrical Excitation of the Heart- workbook 8.3- label
Sinoatrial (SA) node
Atrioventricular (AV) node
Internodal pathways
Bundle of His (AV bundle)
Right and left bundle branches
Purkinje fibres

16. The Electrical Activity of the Heart https://www. youtube. com/watch
Measured using an electrocardiogram (ECG)
Graphical representation of electrical sequence of events occurring with each contraction of the heart
Each wave generated during contraction is named:
P wave: represents depolarization(contraction) through the atria
QRS complex: represents depolarization of the ventricle
T wave: represents repolarization(filling/rest) of the ventricle

17. The Vascular System and Blood Flow
Formed by a network of vessels that transport blood throughout the body
As you follow the path away from the heart, in either systemic or pulmonary circuits, the structure of the vessel begins to branch out and get smaller.
Different vessels are divided into four main categories: arteries; arterioles; capillaries; and venules and veins
All share a common feature- thin layer of cells that lines the inside of the vessels known as the endothelium

18. Vascular System and Blood Flow: Arteries and Veins
IMPORTANT TERMS
Arteries are blood vessels with thick muscular walls, which carry blood away from the heart to different tissues and organs of the body.
* Even though the walls of arteries are very thick, they are still very elastic and can stretch and then recoil back to their original diameter.
* In the systemic circulation, arteries carry oxygenated blood from the left side of the heart towards body tissues. In the pulmonary circulation, arteries carry deoxygenated blood from the right side of the heart towards the lungs.
* blood pleasure is measured in arteries- systolic blood pressure is the pressure caused by the contraction of the heart, recoiling of the arteries causes diastolic blood pressure during diastole.
© 2015 Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc.

19. Vascular System Cont…
Arterioles: smaller than the arteries and are important in the regulation of blood distribution to the various tissues of the body.
Surrounded by the rings of smooth muscle, and the rings can contract, constricting the arteriole and reducing the amount of blood flow, or relax, opening the arteriole and increasing the amount of blood flow.
Rings- controlled by two factors- nervous system and local chemical factors released by the tissues that are supplied by the arterioles. i.e. exercise- arterioles that supply the muscles involved open (local chemical changes by NS) and arterioles that supply intestine would be constricted reducing flow to this organ.
Capillaries: smallest vessels within the body, and have an important function.
So small that red blood cells can barely fit through, and the walls of capillaries are very thin (one cell thick)
All body tissues have an extensive supply of capillaries i.e. millions in the body if you were to line up all the capillaries from one person line would = 40, 000 km long
FUNCTION- exchange of gasses and nutrients with the tissues depending on diffusion- go from high concentration to low concentration
Nerves interact directly with the arterioles, and can be signalled by the central nervous system to contract or relax the layers of smooth muscle, depending on the needs of the body. -

20. Vascular System Cont… Venules and Veins:
Once blood travels through the capillaries, then enters the venules(small, thin-walled extensions of the capillaries)
Venules lead into the veins, which return blood to the heart for another trip around the vascular system
Veins- become larger as they move away from the capillaries and then al l come together to form the sup.inf vena cava and drain the venous blood into the right atrium of the heart
Walls of veins contain smooth muscle, allowing them to dilate and contract similar to arterioles- thus making sure enough blood is returned to the heart, so the heart can meet the needs of the body
Carry DEOXYGENATED BLOOD with the exception of pulmonary veins that carry oxygen-rich blood
VEINS- ONE WAY VALVES- blood exerts a force on the walls of the blood vessels; therefore blood pressure in the veins is very low- values prevent blood from travelling in the wrong direction back towards the tissues and organs – only going to the heart

21. Summary of the Vascular System- Workbook 8.4
Large veins
Large arteries
Medium veins
Medium arteries
Arteriole
Venules
Capillaries
Precapillary sphincters
Capillary bed

22. Coronary Vessels – Anterior View- Workbook 8.1
Aorta
Superior vena cava
Left pulmonary artery
Branches of left pulmonary artery
Branches of right pulmonary veins
Pulmonary trunk
Left pulmonary veins
Right pulmonary veins
Left atrium
Anterior interventricular branch of left coronary artery
Right atrium
Right coronary artery
Great cardiac vein
Small cardiac vein
Right ventricle
Left ventricle
Inferior vena cava
Thoracic aorta (descending)

23. The Return of Blood from the Veins
In comparison to arteries, veins have valves that open as blood returns to the heart, and valves that close as blood flows away from the heart.
Blood can be pushed through veins by smooth muscle that surrounds the veins, contraction of large muscles near the veins, or to a minor extent by the pumping action of the heart
The low pressure within the veins creates a problem for the CVS- how to get all the blood in the veins back to the heart
3 main tools/systems to assist;
The skeletal muscle pump

24. The Return of Blood from the Veins
The skeletal muscle pump:
Upon contraction of skeletal muscle, blood is pushed/ massaged back to the heart
The thoracic pump:
Pressure in veins (in the chest) decrease while pressure in veins (in the abdominal cavity) increase upon intake of breath
Difference in pressure pushes blood from veins in the abdominal cavity into veins in the thoracic cavity
Venoconstriction:
Nervous system sends a signal to veins when cardiac output needs to be increased
Veins constrict allowing more blood back to the heart
The skeletal muscle pump

25. Properties of Blood- specialized fluid found In the heart and all the vessels
BLOOD- Main role is to act as a transport medium for O2, CO2, and nutrients.
Made up of two main components:
Plasma- 55%
Fluid component of blood (mostly water)- 55% of blood
Will find many different dissolved substances i.e. nutrients, proteins, ions, and gasses within the plasma
Blood cells- 45%
Red blood cells (erythrocytes)
Made in bone marrow
Transport O2 and CO2 in the blood
Transport nutrients and waste
Contain specialized protein hemoglobin- can bind O2 and CO2- gives blood the ability to transport and deliver O2 to tissues, and remove CO2 to the lungs
White blood cells (leukocytes)- less than 1%
Destroy foreign elements
Critical in the function of the immune system
Platelets- not complete cells but fragments of cells
Regulate blood clotting
Plasma 55% 90% water 7% plasma proteins 3% other (acids, salts)
Formed elements 45%
>99% red blood cells
<1% white blood cells and platelets

26. Homework
Read pages
Takes your own notes