1. IQ Technologies Inc. Akron, USA
Transient Nucleate Boiling as a Law of Nature and a Basis for Designing of IQ Technologies
Nikolai I. Kobasko
Intensive Technologies Ltd, Kyiv, Ukraine
IQ Technologies Inc. Akron, USA
WSEAS THE’09
August , Moscow

2. Introduction
Why is important to evaluate duration of transient nucleate boiling process?
IQ technological processes save materials, increase service life of steel parts, improve environment, decrease cost of products.
Designing of equipment for IQ processes.
Transient nucleate boiling processes exist in the Nature independently on will of people
Equation for calculating duration of transient nucleate boiling process

3. Fully-Automated IQ System

4. Continues Technological Line

5. Results of IQ Simulation Showing the Development of a Uniform Hardened Case

6. Sleeping Volcano

7. Erupted Volcano

8. The Duration of the Transient Nucleate Boiling Process (1968 – 1969)
is duration of transient nucleate boiling
depends on initial temperature of a steel part and condition of cooling
depends on configuration of steel part
depends on liquid flow velocity; D is size of steel part (m); a is thermal diffusivity (m2/s)

9. Coefficient depending on initial temperature and properties of the quenchants
Water, 20oC
4.17
30-50% CaCl2
4.78
5 – 12% NaOH
3.6
6 – 8% Na2NO3
3.76

10. Coefficients for bodies of different shapes
Shape of a body
Equation
Plate
0.1013
Cylinder
0.0432
Sphere
0.0253
Round plate (Z and D = nZ;
n = 1
0.0303
n = 2
0.0639
n = 5
0.0926
------
Finite cylinder D and Z = nD;
0.0391
0.0425

11. Mathematical Model for Evaluation of DTNBP
The equation of transient heat conductivity is given as
And boundary condition during nucleate boiling can be written as:
Duration of transient nucleate boiling process is evaluated from the condition:

12. Duration of the Transient Nucleate Boiling Process (1979 – 1980)

13. Equation for Calculation the Cooling Time of Steel Parts (1969)

14. Kondratjev Form Factor K for Gear
Drawing
K, m2 p
73.310-6
2.9

15. Kondratjev Number vs. Fourier Number for Cylinders 15 - 60 mm

16. Average Generalized Biot Number is the Same for Different Sizes

17. Connection between Equations
Biv = idem; Kn = idem;

18. Experiments on Quenching Made by French in 1928 (Probes)

19. Temperature vs. Time during Quenching of 38 mm Sphere in Cold Water (French in 1928)
1 Core
2 Surface

20. Heat flux density vs. time during quenching the spheres of 6
Heat flux density vs. time during quenching the spheres of 6.35 mm (a) and 12.7 mm (b) in diameter in 5% water NaOH solution

21. Duration of Transient Nucleate Boiling Process

22. Delay of Martensite Transformation by Adjusting Pressure

23. HTMT and LTMT to Produce Very High Density of Dislocation

24. Incorrect (a) and Correct (b) LTMT Process

25. Strength as a Function of Density Dislocation
Where G is shear modulus

26. Optimal Quenched Layer in Steel Parts of Complex Configuration
Where DI is ideal critical diameter; D is size of steel part;
a is thermal diffusivity; is critical time from the CCT diagram

27. Punch Made of S5 Steel

28. Atmosphere Furnace Equipped with 41m3 Intensive Quenching Water Tank

29. Typical quenching system for quenching truck semi - axles

30. Service Life of Intensively Quenched Semi- Axles

31. SUMMARY
Duration of TNBP is directly proportional to square of the thickness of a body and inverse proportional to thermal diffusivity of a material, depends on the configuration of the body, its initial temperature, velocity of a quenchant and thermal properties of the cooling system.
On the basis of discovered regularities high strength materials were manufactured by use of intensive quenching.
If used worldwide, new methods of quenching can improve environment, save materials, increase service life of steel parts, and reduce their cost.