1. Cardiovascular System
heart and blood vessels

2. Systemic Circulation – delivers blood to all body cells and carries away waste
Pulmonary Circulation – eliminates carbon dioxide and oxygenates blood (lung pathway)

3. Structure of the Heart
Heart Size – about 14 cm x 9 cm (the size of a fist).
Located in the mediastinum (space between lungs, backbone, sternum), between the 2nd rib and the 5th intercostal space.
The distal end of the heart is called the apex.

4. Fibrous Pericardium encloses the heart (like a bag) and has 2 layers
visceral pericardium (inner)
and parietal pericardium (outer, attached to diaphragm, sternum and vertebrae)

5. Pericardial cavity – contains fluid for the heart to float in, reducing friction
Wall of the Heart
Epicardium – outer layer, reduces friction
Myocardium – middle layer, mostly cardiac muscle
Endocardium – thin inner lining, within chambers of the heart

6. Heart Chambers & Valves
Your heart is a double pump. Circulation is a double circuit: Pulmonary (lungs only) and systemic (rest of the body)
Heart has 4 chambers:

7. 2 Atria – thin upper chambers that receive blood returning to the heart through veins.. Right and Left Atrium
2 Ventricles – thick, muscular lower chambers. Receive blood from the atria above them. Force (pump) blood out of the heart through arteries. Right and left ventricle.
Septum – separates the right and left sides of the heart

8. Valves of the Heart – allow one-way flow of blood. 4 total
(2 Atrioventricular Valves (AV) & 2 Semilunar valves)

9. Left Atrioventricular valve – also called the bicuspid valve or mitral valve. Between left atrium and ventricle
Right Atrioventricular valve – also called the tricuspid valve. Between right atrium and ventricle
Aortic Semilunar – or just aortic valve. Between the left ventricle and the aorta
Pulmonary Semilunar, or just pulmonary valve. Between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery

10. Path of Blood Flow

11. Heart Actions
Cardiac Cycle: One complete heartbeat. The contraction of a heart chamber is called systole and the relaxation of a chamber is called diastole.

12. The cusps (flaps) of the bicuspid and tricuspid valves are anchored to the ventricle walls by fibrous “cords” called chordae tendineae, which attach to the wall by papillary muscles. This prevents the valves from being pushed up into the atria during ventricular systole.

13. ECG – electrocardiogram – a recording of the electrical events (changes) during a cardiac cycle (heartbeat).
P Wave – depolarization of the atria (atrial contraction – systole)
QRS Complex – depolarization of the ventricles (ventricular contraction, systole)
T Wave – Repolarization of the ventricles
Heart Sounds – opening and closing of the valves, flow of blood into and out of the chambers, vibrations in muscle

14. Analyze an ECG
Each one of the figures represents an ECG pattern displaying three types of abnormal rhythms: Tachycardia, Bradycardia, and Arrhymthmia. Identify each.

15. Cardiac Conduction S-A Node Junctional Fibers A-V Node A-V Bundle
Perkinje Fibers

16. Regulation of Cardiac Cycle
controlled by the cardiac center within the medulla oblongata. The cardiac center signals heart to increase or decrease its rate according to many factors that the brain constantly monitors.
Muscle Activity
Body Temperature
Blood ion levels (potassium & calcium)

17. BLOOD
Blood transports substances and maintains homeostasis in the body

18. HEMATOPOEISIS – formation of blood cells (bone marrow)
Three Types of Blood Cells
red blood cells (erythrocytes) white blood cells (leukocytes) platelets (thrombocytes)
HEMATOPOEISIS – formation of blood cells (bone marrow)
Liver & Spleen - phagocytosis

19. Elements Critical to RBC Production
Folic Acid
Vitamin B12
Iron
• Too few RBC = anemia

20. Oxygen Levels Oxyhemoglobin = plenty of oxygen; bright red
Deoxyhemoglobin = low in O2, “bluish red”

21. WHITE BLOOD CELLS (Leukocytes)
General function is to protect the body against disease
There are several different kinds of WBCs
Granulocytes (granular cytoplasm)
Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils
Agranulocytes (lacking granular cytoplasm)
Monocytes, Lymphocytes

22. Neutrophil (nucleus has several lobes)
Active phagocytes
60% of WBC
Present in the pus of wounds

23. Basophil Produces Heparin and Histamines
Important in Inflammatory Reaction
1% WBC

24. Eosinophil
Mainly attack parasites
2% WBC

25. Monocyte (larger cell, horseshoe shaped nucleus)
Become macro-phages

26. Lymphocyte (nucleus is dark and takes up almost whole cell; almost no cytoplasm seen)
Defense against invaders
Yield Antibodies
30% WBC

27. Platelets (thrombocytes)
Blood clots and vessel repair

28. Plasma Proteins Albumins – blood pressure
Globulins (alpha, beta, gamma) – transport lipids and antibodies for immunity
Fibrinogen – important for blood clotting
Fibrogen • Fibrin

29. HEMOSTASIS The process of stopping bleeding
Involves the coagulation and clotting of the blood to seal the site of damage

30. THROMBUS – blood clot (abnormal)
EMBOLUS – when the clot moves to another place.

31. ANEMIA Iron-Deficiency Anemia (most common)
Aplastic Anemia – bone marrow does not produce enough RBC
Hemorrhagic anemia – due to extreme blood loss
Pernicious anemia – B12 deficiency
Sickle Cell Anemia (genetic)

32. Leukemia Type of cancer Overproduction of immature white blood cells
They take the place of RBCs
Treatable with bone marrow transplants, chemothemotherapy, radiation

33. Infectious mononucleosis
sometimes called "mono" or "the kissing disease," is an infection usually caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV).
EBV is very common, and many people have been exposed to the virus at some time in childhood.

34. Blood poisoning - Septicemia
An infection enters the blood stream
Can be deadly
Treated with antibiotics

35. Thrombocytopenia Low production of Platelets
Causing bleeding or bruising

36. Jaundice In newborns, caused by the liver not functioning fully
Secretes bilirubin into the blood causing the yellow color
Exposure to flourescent lights (bili lights) will break down the substance

37. SICKLE CELL ANEMIA Genetic Disorder Abnormally shaped blood cells
Parents can be carriers (asymptomatic)

38. Complications
Pain
Lethargy
Lifelong anemia (low red blood count)
Organ failure
Stroke

39. HEMOPHILIA This disorder causes a failure of the blood to clot
Patients can be treated with blood transfusions that include clotting agents.

40. Blood Type is Controlled by 3 Alleles
4 Possible Blood Types
Alleles: A, B, O
A & B are codominant
O is recessive

41. Genotypes

42. Rh Factor
A person can either be Rh + or Rh –
(positive is dominant)