1. Agenda 11.13.17 Turn in Webquest if you didn’t turn it in yesterday
MAKE SURE YOUR NAME IS ON IT!
Notes
7.2 Urbanization
Essential Question: What is urbanization and what were its effects on American cities?
Jacob Riis Photo Activity

2. Urbanization
Chapter 7, Section 2

3. Why did cities grow? Located near raw materials Industrial areas
Hub of transportation routes
Opportunities for jobs
1860 – no cities with population over 1 million
1890 – New York City, Chicago, Philadelphia had populations over 1 million

4. Opportunities + attraction
Machine-made jobs
High wages
Low cost housing
People were attracted to cities because of:
Telephone
Bright lights
Electricity
Central heating
Public water systems
Indoor plumbing
Sewage disposal
Asphalt pavements
Transportation

5. urbanization
Rapid urbanization occurred in the late 19th century in the Northeast + the Midwest
Urbanization: growth of cities
Most immigrants settled in cities because of available jobs + affordable housing
Americanization – assimilate people into mainstream culture
Schools, voluntary groups teach citizenship skills: English, American History, cooking, etiquette
Ethnic communities provide social support

6. Migration from city to country
Rapid improvements in farm technology (tractors, reapers, steel plows) made farming more efficient in the late 19th century
It also meant less labor was needed to do the job
Many rural people left for cities to find work, including almost ¼ million African Americans

7. Migration patterns African Americans lose their livelihood
: move to cities in the North + West to escape racial violence
Find segregation + discrimination in North as well
Competition for jobs between blacks + white immigrants causes tension
African Americans migrate to northern cities

10. Problems with Urbanization
Population in 1870 – 10 million
Population in 1920 – 54 million
How can cities keep up infrastructure at the rate the population is growing?
What problems will this bring?

12. Urban Problems Housing
Working-class families live in houses on outskirts of town or boardinghouses
Later, row houses are built for single family homes
Immigrants take over row houses, 2-3 families per house
Tenements – multifamily urban dwellings
Overcrowded, unsanitary

13. Urban Problems Transportation
Mass transit – move large numbers of people along fixed routes
By the 20th Century, transit systems link cities to suburbs
Water
1860s – cities have inadequate or no piped water, indoor plumbing was rare
Filtration is introduced in 1870s; chlorination in 1908

14. Urban Problems Sanitation
Streets – manure, open gutters, factory smoke, poor trash collection
Contractors hired to sweep streets, collect garbage, clean outhouses
Often do not do jobs properly
By 1900, cities develop sewer lines, create sanitation departments

15. Urban Problems Crime As population grows, thieves flourish
Early police forces are too small to be effective
Fire
Fire hazards – limited water, wood houses, candles, kerosene heaters
Most firefighters are volunteers, not always available
1900 – most cities have full-time, professional departments
Fire sprinklers, non-flammable building materials make cities safer

16. Rise of charity
Many people begin to attempt to fix problems that came with urbanization
Settlement House Movement
Social welfare reformers trying to relieve urban poverty
Social Gospel Movement – preached salvation through service to the poor
Settlement Houses – community centers in slums, help immigrants

17. Settlement houses
Community centers in slums, created to help immigrants
Run by college-educated women who:
Provide educational, cultural, social services
Send visiting nurses to the sick
Help with personal and financial problems, and finding jobs
Jane Addams founds Hull House with Ellen Gates Starr in 1889

18. Your task
You will look at several images captured by Riis and answer the corresponding questions, taking note of which effect(s) of urbanization is being portrayed in the image:
First Impressions: What is happening in the image? Describe the objects, people, and/or structures in the image. Which of these details most catches your eye and why?
Looking More Closely: Why did Riis choose this particular set up (pose, angle, view, arrangement, lighting, location, etc.)? How might you explain the feelings of the subject of the image? Why do you think Riis took this picture?
Connection to Urbanization: What “problems” are being presented in the photo that the people of the Progressive Era will need to solve? How do you know?

19. Image 1

20. Image 2

21. Image 3

22. Image 4

23. Image 5

24. Image 6

25. Missing Work as of 11/14/17 Immigration Web Quest Alem Chuy Jeancarlo
Alejandro M.
Sang