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Classification of Bacteria
Survey of Clinically Relevant Bacteria
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Modern Prokaryotic Classification
Eubacteria Archeabacteria Cyanobacteria Thermophiles
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We will not forget the Archaea
Have no cell nucleus or any other membrane organelles within their cells. In the past they were viewed as an unusual group of bacteria and named archaebacteria but since the Archaea have an independent evolutionary history and show many differences in their biochemistry from other forms of life. They are now classified as a separate domain
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Diversity of Bacteria
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Classification of Bacteria
Classification – ordering Nomenclature – naming Often immortalizes the person who discovered it or its origin Escherichia coli Theodor Escherich coli from colon Distinguishing –identification
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Classification of Bacteria
*Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family *Genus ( 1st name) *Species ( 2nd name identifier) Remember: King Philip Came Over For Good Spaghetti
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Classification of Bacteria
Morphology – shape, color, gram specificity Metabolism Molecular techniques – Forensics, DNA finger prints, RNA, protein analysis
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1 Gram Negative Spiral Bacteria
Slender and flexible, come in a lot of different shapes More rigid than spirochetes Ex. – Campylobacter jejuni Symptom – tenesmus: the sensation of desire to defecate, which is common and occurs frequently , with out the production of significant amounts of feces (often small amounts of mucous or blood are alone passed).
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2 Gram Negative Spirochetes
pathogenic very flexible tightly coiled, helically coiled Example syphilis Treponema pallidum
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Gram Negative Spirochetes
Most of pathogenic Very flexible Tightly coiled, helically coiled Example Lyme disease Borrelia burgdorferi (organism gets lodged in tissues)
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3 Gram Negative Aerobic Rods
Legionella pneumophila Lower respiratory tract infection Needs oxygen
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Gram Negative Aerobic Rods
Bordetella pertussis – whooping cough Needs oxygen
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Gram Negative Aerobic Rods
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (pigmented) Needs moisture Common in hospitals Opportunistic pathogen – causes UTI, skin, and lung infection
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4 Gram Negative Facultative Rods
Vibrio V. cholerae Most well known of group Very severe dysentery. Can lose 10-15 liters of water/day. Leads to hypovolemia – low water, hardly any water in body V. vulnificus Very pathogenic Can cause flesh eating disease, if it gets in a wound V. parahaemolyticus Found in shellfish – oysters Halophile – loves salt (will find in oceans, estuaries) Self limiting
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Gram Negative Facultative Rods
Enteric Salmonella Shigella E. coli (0157H7)
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5 Gram Negative Anaerobic Rods
Fusobacterium Live in between teeth and gums Cause tooth abscesses and periodontal disease Teeth have nothing to anchor – bone is destroyed
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6 Gram Negative Cocci or Coccobaccilli (plump rods)
Neisseria gonorrhoeae – Usually a diplococcus in PMN Sexually Transmitted Disease very antibiotic resistant
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Gram Negative Cocci or Coccobaccilli (plump rods)
Neisseria meningitidis very infectious and communicable.
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Gram Negative Cocci or Coccobaccilli (plump rods)
Acinetobacter baumanni iv. lwoffi opportunistic, UTI, skin, and upper respiratory
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7 Chlamydia Gram Negative Rods (Transitional)
Very short little rods Gram negative Transitional – doesn’t hold stain well Do not have the ability to synthesize own ATP, therefore and obligate intracellular parasite of other animals (humans) Can go asymptomatic for a long time Ex. C. trachomatis – STD, causes eye infection C. psittaci – parrot (associated with birds)
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8 Rickettsia Gram Negative Rod (Transitional)
Small gram negative rods Transitional – doesn’t hold stain well Can’t synthesize it’s own NAD, coenzyme A, therefore an obligate intracellular parasite Causative agent of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever Example R. Prowazekii
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9 Mycoplasma Gram Positive (Transitional )
Gram positive – only because they take in dye in cell membrane but it washes away Transitional – doesn’t hold stain well. Have no cell wall Can not treat with penicillin Ex. Mycoplasma pneumoniae – causes LRTI Ureaplasma urealyticum – causes UTI Both imbed themselves in the tissue. The most cell damage is done by the immune system destroying the tissue.
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10 Gram Positive Cocci Staphyloccocus aureus MRSA
These bacteria can break down all tissues of body.
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Gram Positive Cocci Streptococcus pyogenes – no antibiotic resistance
right now These bacteria can break down all tissues of body.
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11 Gram positive Endospore Forming Rods
Difficult to get rid of because of endospores Example Clostridium tetani
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Gram positive Endospore Forming Rods
Difficult to get rid of because of endospores Example C. perfringens – gangrene
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Gram positive Endospore Forming Rods
Difficult to get rid of because of endospores Common in hospitals Example C. difficile antibiotic associated pseudmembraneous enterocolitis
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Clostridium difficile
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Gram positive Endospore Forming Rods
Bacillus B. anthracis – anthrax zoonosis
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Gram positive Endospore Forming Rods
Bacillus B. cereus – food poising Especially in high carb foods – rice, vermicelli B. thuringiensis – natures insecticide
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12 Coryneforms Pleomorphic (many shapes) Example
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
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13 Mycobacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis Gram positive and Acid Fast
Respiratory Pathogen MDR-TB In the 1950s we sent people with TB to the sanitariums
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Mycobacteria Gram positive and Acid Fast
M. avium intracellular complex (MAC) Really bad bug Currently no drugs can cure it Especially bad for people with AIDS Can cause atypical TB
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Mycobacteria Gram positive and Acid Fast M. leprae
Causative agent of leprosy Not very common Only affects areas of body that are below body temperature Natural reservoir is the armadillo
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