1. English Business 2 Lecture 2
Dea Adlina

2. Using Some, Any, Much, Many, A lot of, every, and A few
Expressions of Quantity
Using Some, Any, Much, Many, A lot of, every, and A few

3. COUNT or NONCOUNT ?? Common NONCOUNT nouns
Whole groups made up of similar items:
baggage, money/cash/change, jewelry, food, fruit
Fluids:
Water, coffee, tea, oil
Solids:
Ice, meat, gold, iron, paper
Gases:
Steam, air, oxygen, smoke, pollution
Particles:
Rice, corn, dust, hair, salt

4. COUNT or NONCOUNT ?? Common NONCOUNT nouns
Abstractions:
Beauty, confidence, time, work, grammar, peace, help, honesty
Languages:
Arabic, English, Japanese
Field of study:
Chemistry, literature, engineering
Recreation:
Baseball, tennis, chess, poker
General activity:
Driving, studying, walking (and other gerunds)
Natural phenomena:
Weather, heat, humidity, lightning, rain

5. Expressions of Quantity
Used with count nouns
Used with noncount nouns
One
Each
Every
One apple
Each apple
Every apple Ø
Two
Both
A couple of
Three, etc.
A few
Several
Many
A number of
Two apples
Both apples
A couple of apples
Three apples
A few apples
Several apples
Many apples
A number of apples
A little
Much
A great deal of
A little rice
Much rice
A great deal of rice
Not any/no
Some
A lot of
Lots of
Plenty of
Most
All
Not any/no apples
Some apples
A lot of apples
Lots of apples
Plenty of apples
Most apples
All apples
Not any/no rice
Some rice
A lot of rice
Lots of rice
Plenty of rice
Most rice
All rice
Expressions of Quantity

6. ANY Used in negatives Compare NOT vs. No:
I do not have any money  NOT: to make a verb negative.
I have no money  used as an adjective

7. SOME and ANY Examples: There was someone in his room. (+)
There wasn’t anyone in his room. (-)
There was no one in his room. (-)
We have some time to waste. (+)
We don’t have any time to waste. (-)
We have no time to waste. (-)

8. ADJECTIVEs and adverbs
Review
ADJECTIVEs and adverbs

9. Adjectives Used to modify/describe nouns.
Miriam is an intelligent student.
The children saw some beautiful pictures.
Grandma loves her fat old cat.
An adjective is neither singular nor plural.
Final –s is never added.

10. Adjectives Number is an adjective She has two cars.
This is a five-star hotel.
Claude won the one-billion-dollar lottery.

11. Adverbs
Used to modify verbs, adjectives, other adverbs or the whole sentence and to express time or frequency.
To modify verbs:
He walks quickly.
She opened the door quietly.

12. Adverbs To modify adjectives: I am very happy. She is quite elegant.
To modify other adverbs
The soccer team played extremely badly last weekend.
Adverbs of manner

13. Adverbs To modify the whole sentence Usually, Tom is never late.
Bridgett is always on time.
Ann will come tomorrow.
Let’s go outside
Adverbs of frequency
Adverbs of time
Adverbs of place

14. Adverbs commonly have a form of adjective + ly Some do not adjective
dangerous
dangerously
careful
carefully
nice
nicely
horrible
horribly
easy
easily
electronic
electronically
adjective
adverb
good
well
fast
hard

15. Gerunds and infinitives
How to use
Gerunds and infinitives

16. Gerunds
The –ing form of a verb used as a noun, i.e., as a subject or an object.
Playing tennis is fun.
We enjoy playing tennis.
He’s exited about playing tennis. S V
Gerund phrase S V O
prep O

17. Using IT + to Infinitive
using gerunds as subjects
Example of gerunds to infinitive form:
Crouching  to crouch
Flipping  to flip
Blaming others is an unseemly behavior
It is an unseemly behavior to blame others
The word it refers to and has the same meaning as the infinitive phrase at the end of the sentence

18. changing Gerund into To + infinitive
Riding a horse is always fun.
To ride a horse is always fun.
It is always fun to ride a horse
Gerund
verb
To + infinitive
verb
Added subject
verb
To + infinitive

19. It + gerunds
Sometimes used when the speaker is talking about a particular situation and wants to give the idea of “while”
Tom was drunk. It was dangerous riding with him.
We were in danger while we were riding with him.

20. End of Lecture 2