1. Pinochet Controversy Brutal dictatorship in Chile, 1973-1990.
Spain’s National Court initiated investigations on human rights violations against Spaniards in Chile during Pinochet regime.
Pinochet was arrested in the UK at the request of Spain on murder charges in 1998
in 2000 British Home Secretary Jack Straw decided that Gen Pinochet can return to Chile
In March 2000, after Pinochet's return, the Congress approved a constitutional amendment which granted him immunity from prosecution

2. Pinochet Controversy

3. The International Criminal Court and Sudan President Omar Al-Bashir
ICC issued an arrest warrant for al-Bashir in March 2009, for alleged war crimes and crimes against humanity committed in Darfur
Sudan's President Omar al-Bashir delayed his visit to Turkey for Organization of the Islamic Conference in November 2009
Turkey and Sudan do not
recognize the ICC and the Rome Statue
Gul and al-Bashir

4. Reconfiguration of Political Power in Europe
Issues of exclusive competence, shared competence, and national (complementary) competence.
Exclusive: Common trade policy, monetary policy
Shared: social policy, environmental policy
National: education, culture
EU institutions:
European Commission: represent European interest. One bureaucrat/ state
European Council: represent national interests. Vote weights proportional to population
European Parliament: directly elected. Represent ideological interests. Seats proportional to population

5. Reconfiguration of Political Power in Europe
Policy-making:
Intergovernmentalism: unanimity in European Council, little role for Commission and Parliament.
Supranationalism: Commission sets agenda, Council decides on majority vote with the Parliament.
Multi-level governance: sharing of decision-making between European, national, and local levels.

6. Globalization/ Europeanization
Turkey and
Globalization/ Europeanization
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7. Turkey’s membership to Intergovernmental Organizations (Global)
United Nations (UN) (1945)
member of UN Security Council (UNSC)
1961
2009 (with 151 votes)
International Monetary Fund (IMF), (1947)
World Bank (1947)
World Trade Organization (WTO), (1995)
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8. Turkey’s membership to Intergovernmental Organizations (Regional)
Council of Europe (CoE), 1949
Assembly President, Mevlut Cavusoglu
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), (1952)
Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC), (1969)
Secretary General Ekmeleddin İhsanoğlu
Organization for European Economic Co-operation (OECD), (1960)
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), (1973)
Black Sea Economic Cooperation (BSEC), (1992)
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9. Turkey and the EU Associate country -1963 Ankara Agreement
Customs Union -1995
Candidate country -1999
Accession negotiations -2005
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10. Turkey is not a member of …
International Criminal Court (ICC)
a permanent tribunal to prosecute individuals for genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes
Its founding treaty is the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (1 July 2002 )
an independent international organization, and is not part of the United Nations system
110 countries are States Parties to the Rome Statute
China, Russia, the US, Sudan, Israel are not a
party to the ICC, either
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11. Why do states seek membership of IGOs?
Realist perspective
States are primary actors
International politics is anarchical
States seek to maximize power/ security
Relative gains
Liberal Perspective
Growing importance of other actors
Institutions help states override constraints of anarchy
Solve free-riding
Trust
Interdependence
Transparency
States seek multiple objectives
Absolute gains from cooperation
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12. Turkey and IGO membership
Cold War context
Balance against the Soviets
Institutional balance with Greeks
Symbolic recognition as a modern/ Western state
Post-Cold War context
Extension of regional influence
Economic anchor: secure inflow of capital and investment
Political anchor: democratic transformation
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13. Turkey and International Human Rights Law
Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1949
International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (2000) –pending ratification
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (2003)
Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (2004)
United Nations Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW)(1985)
Optional Protocol to CEDAW (2002)
United Nations Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CAT), (1988)
Article 90 of Turkish Constitution: ‘International agreements duly put into effect bear the force of law… In case of a conflict between an international agreements in the area of fundamental rights and freedoms…and the domestic laws…, international agreements shall prevail’ -amended 2004
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14. Turkey and European Human Rights Law
European Convention on Human Rights (1954)
Accepted the right to apply individually to European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) (1987)
Recognized the compulsory jurisdiction of ECtHR (1990)
Turkey before the ECtHR:
Total number of judgements: 2 295
Judgements finding a violation: (18.81%)
Pending cases: (11%)
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