1. Soils
5.02: Discuss the soil profile and soil sampling for surface and subsurface layers.

2. A. Soil Profile Soil layers are called horizons. O Horizon
Is rich in organic matter.
O Horizon is rich in organic matter in various stages of decomposition and is dark in color.
It is the most fertile layer in the soil profile.

3. A. Soil Profile A Horizon Is the topsoil.
A Horizon, lies just below O Horizon, is home to earthworms and soil organisms.
It is brown in color due to the organic matter in the soil.

4. A. Soil Profile B Horizon Is the subsoil.
B Horizon is a clayey soil that has a high mineral content.
B Horizon is usually brown or reddish due to the large amount of clay.

5. A. Soil Profile C Horizon R Horizon Is parent material.
C Horizon consists mainly of clumps of un-weathered rocks.
R Horizon
Is bed rock.
R Horizon cannot be dug by hand and very few roots can penetrate the bedrock.

7. Soils
Soil Structure
Sandy
Soil Texture
Soil pH
Physical Properties

8. B. Soil Structure
Soil structure is how the soil particles fit together.

9. B. Soil Structure Sandy soils typically have a loose soil structure.
Single Grain

10. B. Soil Structure
Silty soils have a granular soil structure.
Granular

11. B. Soil Structure Clayey soils have a blocky or platy structure.

12. B. Soil Structure
Granular soil structure is the best for plants.

13. C. Soil Texture
Sand has the largest particles. Sandy soils have low moisture and nutrient holding capacity.

14. C. Soil Texture
Silt has medium sized particles. Silt has a good moisture and nutrient holding capacity.

15. C. Soil Texture
Clay has the smallest sized particles. Clayey soils have high water and nutrient holding capacity.

16. C. Soil Texture
Loam has almost equal parts of sand, silt and clay. This is the ideal texture for most non container outside plants.

17. D. Soil pH Soil pH is a measure of the acidity or alkalinity of soils.
Soil pH ranges from (low pH) is considered an acid soil, 7 indicates a neutral soil and 8-14 (high pH) is considered an alkaline soil.

18. D. Soil pH
Lime will raise the pH value in soils (make the soil less acidic).
Calcium or sulfur will lower the pH value in soils (make the soil more acidic).
The ideal pH value for vegetable garden soils are 5.5 to 7.0.

19. E. Physical Properties of Soil
Permeability is the rate at which water moves through the soil.
Water holding capacity is the ability of a soil to hold water for plant use.
Porosity is the amount of air space between soil particles.

20. E. Physical Properties of Soil
50% of soil should be pore space which includes 25% water space and 25% air space.
50% of soil should be soil particles which include 45% mineral matter and 5% organic matter.

21. Soil Makeup
Water

22. F. Soil Sampling
Soil sampling and testing is essential for an accurate fertilizer recommendation for growing plants.

23. F. Soil Sampling Soil sampling procedures.
Create a visual grid of the area to be planted. For gardens and landscapes, take 5-10 subsamples from the site to be evaluated. Sample before the growing season.

24. F. Soil Sampling Soil sampling procedures.
Use a stainless steel soil-sampling probe.
Take the surface sample to tillage depth or about 4” for lawns and 6-8” for crops.
Mix the soil samples together.
Remove any grass, rocks or other material besides soil.

25. F. Soil Sampling Soil sampling procedures.
Avoid unusual spots in the lawn or field. Those areas need to be sent in a separate box.
Place soil samples in a box, which you can obtain from the County Extension Office along with Soil Sample Information sheet, send the box and information to Agronomic Division Soil Test Lab in Raleigh for a free soil test.