1. Diversification Brian O’Meara EEB464 Fall 2017
Brian O’Meara
EEB464 Fall 2017

2. Learning objectives Evidence for differential diversification
Diversification models
Patterns of diversification

3. Stork. Insect diversity: facts, fiction, and speculation
Stork. Insect diversity: facts, fiction, and speculation. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society (1988) vol. 35 pp

4. Same age, same starting diversity: why the difference?
1 species
260,000 species
© autan
© zen Sutherland
© Greg & Marybeth Dimijlan
© Scott Zona
© Steve Chilton
Same age, same starting diversity: why the difference?

5. Farrell et al. Escalation of Plant Defense - Do Latex and Resin Canals Spur Plant Diversification. Am. Nat. (1991) vol. 138 (4) pp

6. Farrell. "Inordinate fondness" explained: Why are there so many beetles?. Science (1998) vol. 281 (5376) pp

7. Farrell. "Inordinate fondness" explained: Why are there so many beetles?. Science (1998) vol. 281 (5376) pp

8. N(t) = N(0)ebt
What is this equation?

9. ln(N(t)) = ln(N(0)ebt) = ln(N(0)) + bt
N(t) = N(0)ebt
ln(N(t)) = ln(N(0)ebt) = ln(N(0)) + bt
b = slope
ln(2)
ln(N(0))
Nee. Birth-death models in macroevolution. Annu Rev Ecol Syst (2006) vol. 37 pp. 1-17

10. ln(N(t)) = ln(N(0)) + bt b = slope ln(2)
Nee. Birth-death models in macroevolution. Annu Rev Ecol Syst (2006) vol. 37 pp. 1-17

11. ln(N(t)) = ln(2) + bt b = slope ln(2)
Nee. Birth-death models in macroevolution. Annu Rev Ecol Syst (2006) vol. 37 pp. 1-17

12. ln(N(t)) = ln(2) + bt ln(N(t)) b = slope ln(2)
Nee. Birth-death models in macroevolution. Annu Rev Ecol Syst (2006) vol. 37 pp. 1-17

13. ln(N(t)) = ln(2) + bt b = slope ln(2) t
Nee. Birth-death models in macroevolution. Annu Rev Ecol Syst (2006) vol. 37 pp. 1-17

14. ln(N(t)) = ln(2) + bt b = slope ln(2)
Nee. Birth-death models in macroevolution. Annu Rev Ecol Syst (2006) vol. 37 pp. 1-17

15. b = ( ln(N(t)) - ln(2) ) ÷ t b = slope ln(2)
Nee. Birth-death models in macroevolution. Annu Rev Ecol Syst (2006) vol. 37 pp. 1-17

16. b = ( ln(N(t)) - ln(2) ) ÷ t
Magallón and Sanderson. Absolute diversification rates in angiosperm clades. Evolution (2001)

17. b = ( ln(N(t)) - ln(2) ) ÷ t
Magallón and Sanderson. Absolute diversification rates in angiosperm clades. Evolution (2001)

18. b = ( ln(N(t)) - ln(2) ) ÷ t
Magallón and Sanderson. Absolute diversification rates in angiosperm clades. Evolution (2001)

19. High diversification Low diversification
Magallón and Sanderson. Absolute diversification rates in angiosperm clades. Evolution (2001)

20. Nee et al. Extinction Rates can be Estimated from Molecular Phylogenies. Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences (1994) vol. 344 (1307) pp

21. Actual
Reconstructed
Nee et al. Extinction Rates can be Estimated from Molecular Phylogenies. Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences (1994) vol. 344 (1307) pp

22. b=0.1, d=0
b=1.0, d=0.9

24. Gavrilets and Losos. Adaptive Radiation: Contrasting Theory with Data
Gavrilets and Losos. Adaptive Radiation: Contrasting Theory with Data. Science (2009) vol. 323 (5915) pp

25. Gavrilets and Losos. Adaptive Radiation: Contrasting Theory with Data
Gavrilets and Losos. Adaptive Radiation: Contrasting Theory with Data. Science (2009) vol. 323 (5915) pp

26. Yoder et al. Ecological opportunity and the origin of adaptive radiations. Journal of Evolutionary Biology (2010) vol. 23 (8) pp

27. Sanderson and Donoghue
Sanderson and Donoghue. Shifts in diversification rate with the origin of angiosperms. Science (1994)

28. Seehausen. African cichlid fish: a model system in adaptive radiation research. P R Soc B (2006) vol. 273 (1597) pp

29. Crisp and Cook. EXPLOSIVE RADIATION OR CRYPTIC MASS EXTINCTION
Crisp and Cook. EXPLOSIVE RADIATION OR CRYPTIC MASS EXTINCTION ? INTERPRETING SIGNATURES IN MOLECULAR PHYLOGENIES. Evolution (2009) vol. 63 (9) pp

30. McKenna and Farrell. Tropical forests are both evolutionary cradles and museums of leaf beetle diversity. Proceedings of the National … (2006)

31. Rabosky and Lovette. Density-dependent diversification in North American wood warblers. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London (2008)

32. Rabosky and Lovette. Density-dependent diversification in North American wood warblers. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London (2008)

33. Ree. Detecting the historical signature of key innovations using stochastic models of character evolution and cladogenesis. Evolution (2005) vol. 59 (2) pp

34. Ree. Detecting the historical signature of key innovations using stochastic models of character evolution and cladogenesis. Evolution (2005) vol. 59 (2) pp

35. Alfaro et al. Nine exceptional radiations plus high turnover explain species diversity in jawed vertebrates. P Natl Acad Sci Usa (2009) vol. 106 (32) pp