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The Rise of Islam Section 1
Muhammad unifies the Arab people both politically and through the religion of Islam. NEXT
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Deserts, Towns, and Trade Routes
SECTION 1 Deserts, Towns, and Trade Routes The Arabian Peninsula • A crossroads of three continents: Africa, Asia, and Europe • Mostly desert with small amount of fertile land Continued . . . NEXT
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Crossroads of Trade and Ideas
SECTION 1 continued Deserts, Towns, and Trade Routes Crossroads of Trade and Ideas • Many sea and land trade routes pass through Arabia Mecca • Pilgrims come to Mecca to worship at the Ka’aba, an ancient shrine • Arabs associate shrine with Hebrew prophet Abraham • Some Arabs believe in one God—Allah in Arabic NEXT
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The Prophet Muhammad Early Life Revelations
SECTION 1 The Prophet Muhammad Early Life • Around A.D. 570 Muhammad is born into a powerful Meccan clan, becomes a trader Revelations • By age 40, Muhammad spends much time in prayer and meditation • He hears angel Gabriel tell him he is a messenger of Allah • Muhammad founds religion of Islam— “submission to the will of Allah” • Many join him and become Muslim—“one who has submitted” Continued . . . NEXT
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SECTION 1 continued The Prophet Muhammad The Hijrah • Muhammad’s followers are attacked; together they leave Mecca in 622 • Hijrah—the Muslim migration from Mecca to Yathrib (renamed Medina) • Muhammad attracts many more followers, becomes great leader: - political leader—joins Jews and Arabs of Medina as a single community - religious leader—draws more converts to Islam - military leader—tackles growing hostilities between Mecca and Medina Continued . . . NEXT
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Returning to Mecca Islam:
SECTION 1 continued The Prophet Muhammad Returning to Mecca • In 630, Muhammad and 10,000 followers return to Mecca • Meccan leaders surrender • Muhammad destroys idols in Ka’aba • Meccans convert to Islam • Muhammad unifies Arabian Peninsula Islam: The main teaching of Islam is that there is only one god, Allah NEXT
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SECTION 1 continued Beliefs and Practices of Islam The Five Pillars • Muslims must carry out five major duties—the Five Pillars of Islam 1. statement of faith to Allah and to Muhammad as his prophet 2. pray five times a day toward Mecca give alms, or money for the poor 4. fast between dawn and sunset during holy month of Ramadan 5. perform the hajj—pilgrimage to Mecca—at least once Continued . . . NEXT
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SECTION 1 continued Beliefs and Practices of Islam Sources of Authority • Original source of authority for Muslims is Allah • Qur’an—holy book, contains revelations Muhammad received from Allah • Guidance of Qur’an and Sunna assembled in body of law—shari’a Muslims follow Sunna—a combination of shari’a and Qur’an as Muhammad’s example for proper living Continued . . . NEXT
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Section 2 Islam Expands In spite of internal conflicts, the Muslims create a huge empire that includes land on three continents. NEXT
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Muhammad’s Successors Spread Islam
SECTION 2 Muhammad’s Successors Spread Islam A New Leader • In 632 Muhammad dies leaving no plans of successor behind; Muslims elect Abu-Bakr to be first Caliph, title for Muslim leader Continued . . . NEXT
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Treatment of Conquered Peoples
SECTION 2 continued Muhammad’s Successors Spread Islam Reasons for Success • Muslim armies are well disciplined and expertly commanded • Byzantine and Sassanid empires are weak from previous conflict • Persecuted citizens of these empires welcome Islam • Attracted to Islam’s offer of equality and hope Treatment of Conquered Peoples • Muslim invaders tolerate other religions but make them pay taxes • Christians, Jews receive special treatment as “people of the book” NEXT
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Sunni—Shi’a Split Internal Conflict Creates a Crisis
SECTION 2 Internal Conflict Creates a Crisis Sunni—Shi’a Split • Shi’a—“party” of Ali—believe caliph should be from Muhammad’s family/relatives • In 750, a rebel group—the Abbasids—topple the Umayyads NEXT
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Control Extends Over Three Continents
SECTION 2 Control Extends Over Three Continents Fall of the Umayyads • Abbasids murder Umayyad family; one prince escapes, Abd al-Rahman • Flees to Spain; establishes new Umayyad caliphate in al-Andalus • al-Andalus—Muslim state in southern Spain settled by North Africans Abbasids Consolidate Power • Abbasids develop strong bureaucracy to manage empire Continued . . . NEXT
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SECTION 2 continued Control Extends Over Three Continents Muslim Trade Network • Muslims trade by land and sea with Asia and Europe • Muslim merchants use Arabic, single currency, and checks • Córdoba, in al-Andalus, is dazzling center of Muslim culture NEXT
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Muslim Culture Section 3
Muslims combine and preserve the traditions of many peoples and also advance learning in a variety of areas. NEXT
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Muslim Society The Rise of Muslim Cities
SECTION 3 Muslim Society The Rise of Muslim Cities • Leading cities include Damascus, Baghdad, Cairo, Jerusalem • Baghdad, impressive Abbasid capital; population around one million NEXT
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Muslim Scholarship Extends Knowledge
SECTION 3 Muslim Scholarship Extends Knowledge Muslims Support Learning • Muslims use scientific knowledge to help fulfill religious duties • Muhammad valued power of learning, study, scholarship and encouraged it heavily • Muslim scholars preserve and translate scientific, philosophical texts • House of Wisdom—Bagdad institute: library, academy, translation center NEXT
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Art and Sciences Flourish
SECTION 3 Art and Sciences Flourish Continued . . . NEXT
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