1. CREATIVE WRITING: TASK
LINKING IDEAS
We’ve learnt linking words before:
and, or, so, but, because
These are usually used to link nouns, verbs, or phrases. Today we are going to talk about bigger things: linking ideas.
We are going to look at two different kinds of linked ideas:
Reason and Result
Qualification
These can be linked with the above words, but when we are writing we like to make our writing look better, and so there are some words that we use more in writing.

2. CREATIVE WRITING: TASK
LINKING IDEAS
REASON AND RESULT
 What is the link between these two sentences? What words can you use to join them?
1. I had a great birthday.
2. All my friends gave me presents.
Look at these sentences. Which sentence gives a reason? How could you join them?
3. I was sick.
4. I had a terrible weekend.
When you write something that your reader may not understand or may not agree with, you can support it with reasons. Sentence 2 above is a reason for sentence 1. Sentence 4 is a result of sentence 3.

3. CREATIVE WRITING: TASK
LINKING IDEAS
REASON AND RESULT
Sentence 2 above is a reason for sentence 1. To show it is a reason, you can join the sentences in one of these ways:
result I had a great birthday
(because, since, as)
reason all my friends gave me presents.
Sentence 4 is a result of sentence 3. To show this you can link the sentences using these words:
reason I was sick
(so, therefore)
result I had a terrible weekend.
*You must put a comma or period before therefore.

4. CREATIVE WRITING: TASK
LINKING IDEAS
ACTIVITY 1
REASON AND RESULT
Give a reason or result for the following. Join your two statements together with a connecting word (because, since, as, therefore, so). Copy the completed sentences into your notebook.
We see lightning before we hear thunder (REASON)
Sea water contains too much salt (RESULT)
(REASON) If we travel in a straight line in any direction, we’ll return to where we started.
(RESULT) The force of gravity on the moon is much smaller than on the Earth.

5. CREATIVE WRITING: TASK
LINKING IDEAS
QUALIFICATION
Both of the these statements are true. Is there anything that surprises you about them?
There is plenty of food in the world.
Many people do not have enough to eat.
What words can you use to join these statements? After sentence 1, sentence 2 is unexpected. Sentence 2 is a qualification. To show this, you can join the sentences using these words:
Although
but
However,

6. CREATIVE WRITING: TASK
LINKING IDEAS
QUALIFICATION
Look at how the words are used in these examples:
There is plenty of food in the world but many people do not have enough to eat.
There is plenty of food in the world. However, many people do not have enough to eat.
Although there is plenty of food in the world, many people do not have enough to eat.
Note the punctuation in examples b and c.
We use a comma after “however”, and “although” gets a comma at the end of the clause.

7. CREATIVE WRITING: TASK
LINKING IDEAS
ACTIVITY 2
QUALIFICATION
In your book, try linking each statement in column a with a qualification from column b. Remember to change the repeated nouns to pronouns. A B
1. Mars is like the Earth in some ways.
The gold is not easy to recover.
2. The sea contains a lot of gold. find new
We are not trying hard enough to kinds of energy.
3. All the oil in the world will soon be used up.  
Rice is not grown much.
4. Rice can be grown in Europe.
Man can not live on Mars.

8. CREATIVE WRITING: TASK
LINKING IDEAS
QUALIFICATION
You have now studied 3 ways of linking ideas. These links help your reader to understand your reasoning. Often when you qualify a statement, the reader expects a reason to support the qualification. For example:
There is plenty of food in the word but many people do not have enough to eat.
WHY? Can you add a reason? One answer is:
There is plenty of food in the world but many people do not have enough to eat because food supplies are badly distributed.
Go back to Activity 2. Try to add a reason to each sentence you wrote.
Copy your completed sentences into your notebook.
ACTIVITY 3

9. CREATIVE WRITING: TASK
LINKING IDEAS
QUALIFICATION
On the next page you will see a table. Complete it using your own ideas, then write a description of the advantages and disadvantages of each model. For example:
Model A can easily be carried in a car or train because it can be folded but it is not suitable for hilly areas as it has no gears.
Use all the linking words that you have studied today.
because, since, as
therefore, so
although, but, however
Try to avoid repeating the same linking words. Copy your completed sentence into your notebook.

10. CREATIVE WRITING: TASK
LINKING IDEAS
Model
Advantage
Reason
Disadvantage A
Folding model
Can be folded,
no gears
can easily be carried in a car or train
can be folded
is not suitable for hilly areas
has no gears B
Racing model
10 gears,
made of aluminum
can go fast
is not very strong C
Motorized
has a small motor,
not very powerful
needs less effort
you still have to pedal up hills D
Two-seater
can carry 2,
made of steel
is good for couples
is heavy E
Tricycle
has three wheels,
for children
is very safe
is not suitable for adults
Model A can easily be carried in a car or train because it can be folded but it is not suitable for hilly areas as it has no gears.

11. CREATIVE WRITING PERSONAL REFLECTION Here is your essay plan:
Introduction (tell us what you’re writing about)
Paragraph 1 (Retell the story in your own words. The Giving Tree by Shel Silverstein is a story about…)
Paragraph 2 (What is the moral of the story? What is the metaphor? Does it remind you of anyone? Does the story have a message?)
Paragraph 3 (Explain your reaction to the story. Think about how it makes you feel and why. Will it affect your behavior in any way? Would you recommend the story to anyone?)
Conclusion (Summarize the important points of your essay)