1. The Challenges of Urbanization

2. Urban Opportunities Urbanization: growth of cities
Immigrants settle in cities (cheap and convenient)
Americanization movement: assimilate wide-ranging cultures into the dominant culture.
Teach skills for citizenship (English, American history, cooking, social etiquette)
Migration from country to city
New technologies, move to cities to find work, African Americans migration

3. Urban Problems Housing - tenements
Transportation – mass transit (street cars, subways)
Water – supplying safe drinking water
Sanitation – Horse manure, sewage in gutters, factory smoke, no trash collection
Crime – no law enforcement
Fire – limited water supply, wood dwellings, candles, kerosene heaters

4. Reforms
Social Gospel Movement – preached salivation through service to the poor.
Settlement houses – community centers in slum neighborhoods that provided assistance to people in the area.
Jane Addams – founded Chicago’s Hull House

5. Political Machines
Organized group that controlled the activities of a political party in a city.
Offered services to voters and businesses in exchange for political or financial support.
Political Boss
Immigrants role

6. Municipal Graft and Scandal
Graft: illegal use of political influence for personal gain.
Boss Tweet and Tammany Hall
New York County Court House $3 million to build, charged tax payers $13 million
Thomas Nast
Political cartoonist that arouse public outrage against grafts and Tweed

8. Civil Service Replaces Patronage
Patronage: giving government jobs to people who helped a candidate get elected.
Civil Service: government jobs go to the most qualified people
Pendleton Civil Service Act: authorized a bipartisan civil service commission to make appointments to federal jobs through a merit system.

9. Big Business Buys Influence
Politicians turn to wealthy business owners for campaign contributions.
Raise tariffs to protect domestic industries
Cleveland vs Harrison