1. of large & small ruminants
Clinical diagnosis
of Most important
infectious diseases
of large & small ruminants

2. Important expressions Virulence &pathogenicity
Infectious disease
Virulence &pathogenicity
Morbidity rate
Reservoir
(natural habitat)
vector
carrier
Case fatality
Course of disease
Incubation period
Infectivity
Contagious disease

3. Foot and Mouth Disease

4. Foot and Mouth Disease Highly contagious viral disease.
One of the most wide spread dss. affecting cloven hoofed animals (cattle – buffaloes- camel-sheep-goat- deer-pig -Not horses).
It causes huge economic impact :
- Effects on meat and milk production.
High morbidity and high Mortality in calves reached 80% (low mortality in cattle and buffalo 2-5%)
-Treatment &vaccination , disinfection, and burial costs.
-Abortion is occasional sequelae.
Effect on trade of livestock and livestock product (trade restriction ).

5. single stranded RNA virus
Etiology
Family Picornaviridae, genus Aphthovirus
The disease is caused by 7 immunological distinct serotypes (with over 60 subtypes ):
Type A
Type O,
Type C,
South African Territories (SAT) 1,
South African Territories (SAT) 2,
South African Territories (SAT) 3,
and Asia 1
Protection against one serotype not protect against infection with another serotype
single stranded RNA virus

6. Detective or indicator
HOST RANGES
Only takes 10-12
virus particles to
infect one cow
Detective or indicator
Maintenance host
Amplifier host
Pigs can excrete up to 400 million infective virus particles a day

7. Incubation period
Incubation period depends on which strain of FMD virus (7 serotypes), dosage, and the route of entry.
As short as 2-3 days in close contact
As long as days from windborne infection

8. virus begins replicating after 24 hrs of infection
Excretion of FMD virus 14 days before clinical disease becomes apparent (IP).
Virus is excreted in high quantities in expired air, in all secretions including milk, and from ruptured vesicles.

9. Clinical signs Mouth Feet Tongue Dental pad Gums Soft palate Muzzle
Nostrils
Feet
Inter-digital space
Coronary band
Teats

10. Clinical sings in cattle
Excessive salivation and drooling (smacking of lips) .

11. Unruptured vesicles on tongue
Large erosion on tongue

12. Mouth lesions Vesicles on tongue, dental pad, gums, nostril, muzzel

13. Significant Drop in milk production ))Teat lesions

14. Hoof lesions (Lameness , unwillingness to movement)

15. 50-80% young animals die (calves, lambs, etc)

16. In young animals there is focal necrosis of cardiac muscle
In young animals there is focal necrosis of cardiac muscle. “Tiger heart
Pale of myocardium in area of myocardium necrosis in young animals(tiger heart )

17. Animals may recover in 2 weeks. Only 1-5% die from FMD
High morbidity, Low mortality
Up to 50% of recovered ruminants continue to shed the virus sporadically, 6-24 months post-infection.

18. Differential diagnosis with some other disease
Rinderpest
Vesicular stomatitis
Malignant catarrhal fever
BVD (bovine viral diarrhea)
IBR (Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis)
LSD
Foot rot
PPR ( Peste des Petits )
BT(blue tongue)

19. Rinderpest

20. RP Highly contagious fatal viral disease
Cattle , buffaloes and giraffe are highly susceptible.
Incubation period (3-15 days)
Affects the gastrointestinal and respiratory systems
Eradication programs were commenced in 1990s and Egypt was declared free of rinderpest 1997

21. Clinical signs of RP - Fever
Respiratory syptoms (labored and rapid breathing )
nasal/ocular discharge
digestive symptoms (acute watery diarrhea,
Oral and nostril erosions and ulcer
morbidity approach 100%,
Mortality %(2-12 day after onset ) -

22. Discharge (nasal & ocular )
RP (3th D )
Death (90-100%)
Diarrhea (watery )
Discharge (nasal & ocular )

24. Malignant Catarrhal Fever

25. MCF
Malignant catarrhal fever is a sporadic, usually fatal, viral infectious disease of ruminant particularly cattle, bison and deer characterized by
low morbidity but high mortality ( death within 10 days and mortality %)
It is also referred to as, malignant head catarrh, and gangrenous coryza. In South Africa it may also be called “snotsiekte” which means
“snotting sickness” .

26. Etiology &Transmission
Family herpes viruses
Two major epidemiologic types of MCF exist, and both are defined by the ruminant spp that serve as natural reservoir host ; African form referred to wildbeest associated MCF (WA –MCF) caused by AlHV-1 &The other is sheep-associated MCF (SA-MCF) caused by OvHV-2 .

27. Transmission
The epidemiology of 2 major types of MCF within the natural reservoir hosts is totally different .
In wildbeest : the calves were infected horizontal transmission (intrauterine ) and shed virus 2-3 month of age &remain infected for life but shedding of virus from adult wildbeest is rare so the outbreaks of WA-MCF in Africa generally correspond to the wildbeest calving season . By contrast sheep are not infected with OVHV-2 until at age of 2-3 months old of age and shed of virus at 6 months of age
Transmission from reservoir animals (sheep, wildbeest ) to domestic through nasal and occular secretion by inhalation of droplets.

28. Host range The host can be divided into 2 types:
Well adapted a symptomatic carriers as wildbeest, sheep,goat ; shed virus into environment
Poorly adapted hosts (clinically susceptible spp )in which both disease and subclinical infection occur as cattle ;not shed infectious virus (dead end host)

29. Head and eye form is common
Clinical signs
Head and eye form is common
Enlarged lymph nodes
Typical head and eye form of MCF showing encrustation on muzzle ,nasal discharge , lacrimation and corneal opacity

30. MCF
Animals suffer, painful and breathe with difficulty

31. Painful swollen eyes

32. MCF
Ocular and
nasal discharge

33. Cornel opacity blindness
corneal opacity

34. MCF
Hyperemia ,erosion and Necrosis of buccal papillae

35. MCF
Diarrhea

36. Vesicular Stomatitis

37. Vesicular Stomatitis Viral infection
Horses, donkeys, cattle, swine, camelids
Arthropod-borne, direct contact, aerosol
Morbidity 90%, mortality low

38. Vesicular Stomatitis Animals Humans Incubation period 3-5 days
Oral/mammary/coronary band lesions, salivation, lameness
Resembles FMD
Recovery in 2 weeks
Humans
Incubation period 1-6 days
Influenza-like symptoms
Oral lesions rare
Self limiting

39. Erosion on tongue
Rupture vesicle on heel

40. Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR) in cattle

41. IBR
Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) is a highly contagious viral respiratory disease of cattle caused by bovine herpesvirus 1 . result in severe production losses, abortion and mortality.
Virus persist in recover animals for years

42. Respiratory form – nasal discharge
CLINICAL FORMS(IBR)
Hemorrhage and erosion on bucal mucosa &gum
Respiratory form – nasal discharge
Conjunctivitis

43. CLINICAL FORMS(IBR) Genital form (abortion 6-9 ms)
Brain form – encephalitis

44. Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD)

45. LSD
LSD is an acute viral disease of cattle characterized by eruption of variably sized nodules on the skin and other parts of the body
causing high economic losses (decrease milk production and reduce hide value )
Family: Poxviridae Genus : Capripoxvirus
Closely related to sheep and goat pox

46. Transmission Mosquitoes and flies
Direct contact via cutaneous lesions, saliva, nasal discharge, milk, semen, muscles,
(Virus can survive up to 35 days in desiccated crusts)
No carrier state
Spread related to movement of cattle

47. Clinical Signs Fever (40-41.5°C).
LSD symptoms range from In apparent to severe infection(IP:4-14 days)
Fever ( °C).
Depression, anorexia, excessive salivation, oculonasal discharge, cough& distress repiration and emaciation.
Painful nodules (1-5 cm), especially in the skin of the muzzle, nares, back, legs, scrotum, perineum, eyelids, lower ear, nasal mucosa, oral mucosa and tail. Nodules affect the whole skin, the subcutaneous tissue and sometimes the musculature.
Nodules may be scattered through naso pharynx , bronchi and lung ,and digestive canal

48. LSD NODULES

49. LSD

50. LSD (lesions on muzzle and nostrils )

51. LSD (lesions on trachea and lung)
Lesion in lung area
Lesion in tracheal mucosa

52. LSD
Lameness resulting from inflammation and necrosis of tendons, and from severe oedema of brisket and legs.

53. Peste des Petits Ruminants

54. PPR Contagious viral disease of goat and sheep.
Goats are usually more susceptible than sheep (goat plague )
Camel , cattle and pigs are susceptible to infection but they do not exhibit clinical signs and do not play role in epizootology of PPR (dead end host)

55. Organism
Peste des petits ruminants (PRR) is a paramyxovirus of the genus Morbillivirus. It is antigenically very similarto the Rinderpest virus.
Other members of the genus include measles virus and canine distemper virus.

56. Transmission
Transmission of PPR requires close contact. The virus is present in eye, nose, and mouth discharges as well as feces.
Most infections occur through inhalation of aerosols from sneezing and coughing animals.
Animals maybe infectious during the incubation period.
There is no known carrier state.

57. PPR has 2 forms Acute form Per acute form
•Incubation period 4-6 days and may 3-10 day Fever, Mucopurulent ocular and nasal discharges -Pneumonia (Coughing, difficulty in breathing with fetid odor of breath ) -Ulceration of oral MM(EROSIVE STOMATITIS ) -Severe diarrhea (gastroenteritis,).
•Morbidity 90 –100 %
•Commonly in goats -High fever -Depression -Death
•Mortality is high (50-100% ).

58. Both morbidity and mortality rate are lower in endemic area and in adult animal when compare to young
More frequent outbreak during rainy seasons and cold season also associated with seasonal period of high local trade

60. Dried exudates on mouth and muzzle due to rhinitis and conjunctivitis

61. Lesion on bucal cavity and muzzle
Erosions on gums, dental pad
Mucopurulent discharge
crusting the nostril; muzzle
animal begins open mouth breathing.
Erosion on hard and soft palate

62. PNEMONIA

63. Bluetongue

64. Bluetongue
Insect born Viral disease, family Reoviridae, genus Orbivirus. 24 serotypes have been identified affect sheep ,goat ,deer and cattle .
Sheep are most affected spp ,most infections in cattle are unapparent
Biological vectors: Culicoides spp.

65. Bluetongue Incubation period: 5-10 days Sheep Cattle, goats
Salivation, facial swelling, nasal discharge
Cyanotic (blue) tongue
Swollen in lips and tongue
Haemorrhage of oral and nasal tissue
Reproductive disorders
Lamness (coronary band)
Death after 6 day of clinical signs
Cattle, goats
Subclinical; possible mild hyperemia

66. القدم المتورم مقارنة بآخر سليمBT
القدم المتورم مقارنة بآخر سليم

67. BT
الحالات الحادة يلاحظ ظهور اللسان بلون أزرق

68. Swelling of head

70. Animal with severe coronitis and stand with arched back

71. Rift Valley Fever in Egypt

72. RVF Acute arthropod born viral disease of human and animals
Most severe in sheep ,cattle , and goat
camel are also important host .
Young animal show high mortality(reach 95% of one week old lamb)
It cause by single serotype of bunya virus genus phlebo virus

73. Transmission
Transmission :Indirect Contamination by Bites of Many Types of Mosquitoes
Aedes.
Anopheles.
Culex.

74. Clinical Picture
The clinical signs vary with the age, species and breed (per acute –acute – subacute )
In endemic regions, epidemics of Rift Valley fever can be recognized by high mortality rates in newborn animals and abortions in adults(aborton is characteristic features in pregnant animals ).
Rift Valley fever is usually most severe in young animals.
In lambs, a biphasic fever, anorexia and lymphadenopathy may be followed by weakness and death within 36 hours.
Hemorrhagic diarrhea or abdominal pain and vomiying can also be seen.
Juindice

75. Abortions are the most characteristic sign in adult sheep and cattle

76. Fetus can be aborted in any stage of gestation

77. Post Mortem Lesions (hemorrhage are common in organs )
necrosis of the liver
Intestine showing
petechial hemorrhages
Spleen with sub capsular hemorrhages

78. If Suspect dss
What actions
Notification ((why

79. thank you