1. Introducing Embedded Systems and the Microcontrollers
Chapter TWO

2. Outline Definition of Embedded Systems Examples Computer Essentials
Microprocessors and Microcontrollers
PIC Microcontrollers
12 Series PIC

6. Definition of Embedded Systems
Embedded system: is a system whose principal function is not computational, but which is controlled by a computer embedded within it.

20. An Overview on the Design of Embedded Mixed-Signal Systems
Types of embedded applications and their characteristics (interfaces, functionality, and design requirements)
CPUs used in embedded systems (microprocessors and microcontrollers, DSP, VLIW processors, and reconfigurable architectures)
Top-down design flow based on design refinement and circuit modeling
The evolution of the embedded systems market
Illustrating example for a embedded mixed-signal system design
©Alex Doboli 2006

21. Sensing and actuation devices in embedded applications
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22. Embedded Applications
Signal sensing/data acquisition – data processing & data storing
– actuation – data communication (networking)
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23. Embedded Applications
Networking, intelligent control
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24. Embedded Applications
Networking
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25. Examples: Refrigerator

26. Examples: Car Door

27. Examples: Electronic Ping-pong

28. Examples: Derbot Autonomous Guided Vehicle

29. Examples: Derbot Autonomous Guided Vehicle

30. Computer Essentials

31. Computer Essentials Instruction Sets Memory Types
CISC: Complex Instruction Set Computer
RISC: Reduced Instruction Set Computer
Memory Types
Volatile: Random Access Memory (RAM)
Non-volatile: Read Only Memory (ROM)

32. Von Neumann and Harvard Computers
Dr. Gheith Abandah

33. Microprocessors and Microcontrollers
The microprocessor is a processor on one silicon chip.
The microcontrollers are used in embedded computing.
The microcontroller is a microprocessor with added circuitry.
Dr. Gheith Abandah

34. Types of Embedded Applications (1)
A. Embedded controllers
Supervise and adjust the behavior of the monitored entities
Fan controller, pacemakers, robot arm controller,
Low/medium computational complexity, real-time, safety-critical, accurate sensing, low cost
B. Specialized interfaces
Interfacing to powerful computers
Supply the missing hardware
Relieves the computer from interfacing jobs: data conversion, encoding/decoding, encryption/decryption, etc.
Small cost & size, low/medium computational complexity, fast throughput, low energy consumption
Data acquisition, networking cards, capacitive sensing, mouse
©Alex Doboli 2006

35. Types of Embedded Applications (2)
C. Application-specific coprocessors
Customized data intensive processing: DSP, multimedia, graphic processors, image processing, video processing
Relieves CPU from computationally intensive tasks
High speed, low power consumption, low cost & size
D. Networks of embedded systems
Automotive applications: networked embedded microcontrollers, sensors, actuators
Wireless networks, sensor networks
Low cost, small size, reduced memory, low energy consumption, variety of sensors/actuators
Communication protocols, data routing, data aggregation, control, scalability, self-organizing, autonomous
©Alex Doboli 2006

36. Data Flow in an Embedded System
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37. Summary of Embedded Systems characteristics
System types
Sensing
Actuation
Data communic.
Data processing
Requirements & constraints
Controllers
Wide range -
control
Cost, accuracy, timing, safety
Specialized interfaces
Various speed
Conversion,formatting,encoding
Cost,size,accuracy,timing, power consumpt.
Co-processors
High-speed
Data-intensive customized
Cost, size, speed, power consumpt.
Networks of embedded systems
Control, conversion, encoding
Cost, size, safety, power consumpt.
©Alex Doboli 2006

38. I/O Interfaces Analog and digital signals
Voltage, current, charge, frequency, phase
Thermistors, theromocuples, pressure sensors, velocity sensors, strain gauges, etc.
Signal conditioning circuits, analog multiplexers, ADC, DAC, comparators, filters, sampling circuits, amplitude detectors, mixers, etc.
Analog signals
Sin waves, triangular,
Range, bandwidth, precision, noise, speed of variation etc.
©Alex Doboli 2006

39. Functionality Control dominated systems Data dominated systems
Multi tasking systems
Multi-mode systems
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40. Types of functionality
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41. Types of functionality
Continuous time systems
Discrete-time systems
Event-driven systems
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42. Design requirements Low cost Short time to market Small size & weight
Real-time constraints, latency, throughput
Low power & low energy consumption
Safety
Data accuracy
Robustness
Flexibility in developing new applications
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43. Timing (real-time) constraints
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44. Analog Circuit Nonidealities
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45. System performance & requirements
Global constraints
Local constraints
Constraint transformation
Tightly coupled systems
Loosely coupled systems
©Alex Doboli 2006