1. Cell Chemistry and Biosynthesis

2. Overview Major Atoms Covalent bonds, Ionic bonds
Water, non-covalent force in water
Four major families of small molecules
Sugar, fatty acids, amino acids, nucleotides
Three macromolecule families: polysaccharide, protein, nucleic acid
Non covalent bonds determine molecular shape and interactions

3. The Chemical Components of A Cell
Basic Element: Atom, protons, Neutrons, Electrons
Atomic Weight, Molecular Weight
Avgadro’s number (6x1023 molecules), Mole (1 mole= 6x1023 molecules), Molar solution (1M=1mole/liter)
Electron shells (2,8,8,18,18)

4. Carbon and Hydrogen

5. Chemical Elements for Live Organisms
H, C, O, and N make up 96.5% weight of a living organism

7. The Chemical Bonds Ionic Bonds, Covalent Bonds
Bond length and bond strength
Covalent bonds: Single bond, double bond, polar bond
Van der waals force

8. Covalent Bond and Ionic Bond Ionic bond: electron transfer
Covalent bond: electron sharing

9. Sodium Chloride: ionic bond formation

10. The geometry of covalent bonds

15. Important Energy Levels

16. The Van der Waals forces

17. The Water Environment 70% of cell is water Hydrogen bond
Hydrophilic and hydrophobic
Acid and base
Proton and hydroxyl
Non-covalent interactions in water: Ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, van der waals attractions, hydrophobic force

22. Absorb a proton or donate OH-
Acid
Donate a proton
Base
Absorb a proton or donate OH-
NH3+H2O->NH4++OH-
NaOH->Na++OH-

24. Ionic bonds in Water

28. Hydrogen bond
Polar interaction: a elecgtropositive hydrogen is shared by two neighboring electornegative atoms

32. Molecular Interaction in solution
1. H-bond (hydrogen bond), 2. Ionic bond, 3. Van der Waals
4. Hydrophobic “force”

33. Four Major Families of Small Organic Molecules
Sugars-> polysaccharides
Fatty acids -> fats, lipids, membranes
Amino acids -> proteins
Nucleotides -> nucleic acids

34. Four Major Small Organic Molecules

35. Sugar [(CH2O)n, carbohydrates]
Glucose

36. Condensation and hydrolysis
Disaccharide
Condensation and hydrolysis

41. Fatty Acids

42. Phospholipid (amphipathic)

47. Amino Acid

48. Amino Acid and pH values

49. Peptides and proteins

50. ATP (ribonucleotide adenosine triphosphate)
Nucleotides
ATP (ribonucleotide adenosine triphosphate)

51. Nucleotides and DNA, RNA DNA: deoxyribonucleic acids
A(adenine) G(guanine) T(thymine) C (cytosine)
RNA: ribonucleic acids
A G U(Uracil) C

56. Macromolecules

58. Three families of macromolecules

59. The assembly of macromolecules