1. Absolute Monarchs in Europe

2. Spain’s Empire and European Absolutism
Charles fought against the Muslims and opposed Lutheranism, and signed the Peace of Augsburg.
This allowed German princes to decide the religion of their territory.
Phillip II inherited Spain, who is deeply religious

3. Phillip took over Portugal
With both country’s assets, Phillip was incredibly wealthy
Europe was going through religious wars because of the Reformation.
Phillips duty to defend Catholicism
Muslims in Ottoman Empire
Protestants in Europe

4. Spanish Art and Literature
El Greco & Velazquez
Miguel de Cervantes
Used brilliant colors, distorted human figure, expressed emotion symbolically
Showed deep Catholic faith work
Don Quixote de la Mancha
The birth of the modern European novel
Some say it’s a mockery of chivalry

6. Spanish Empire Weakens
Temporary wealth = long term economic problems
Inflation
Population increase leads need for more food and other goods. Merchants can raise prices
Silver bullion flooded the market, leading to a price drop
Spain’s methods of making cloth and manufactured goods lead the people to go out of country
Protestants in Netherlands win independence from Spain in 1579

7. The Independent Dutch Prosper
Netherlands is a republic and practices religious toleration
In 1600s, Netherlands becomes center of European art
Rembrandt and Vermeer are famous Dutch painters
Dutch have world’s largest trading fleet
Dutch replace Italians as Europe’s bankers

8. Absolutism in Europe
Rulers want to be absolute monarchs—rulers with complete power
Believe in divine right—idea that monarchs represent God on earth
Decline of feudalism, rise of cities help monarchs gain power
Decline in Church authority also increases power
Monarchs impose order by increasing their own power

11. English Monarchs – Tudor
King Henry VIII
Edward VI
Left the Catholic church for his own motives
Divorced beheaded died divorced beheaded survived
Created religion that lies somewhere between Catholic and Protestant,
Raised Protestant, at his fathers wish
Issues were more within family
Uncles were Lord Protectors with own agendas

12. English Monarchs _ Tudor
Mary I
Elizabeth I
Known as “Bloody Mary”
Married Phillip II of Spain
Devout Catholic
Made arrangements with Spain that they could not take over in the event of her passing
Protestant
Never married
Learned from family’s mistakes
Created a prayer book in the common language
Mary Queen of Scots was a problem

14. Spanish Armada
Phillip II felt that he had rights to England since he was married to Mary I
Felt he had to protect English Catholicism
Revolt in Netherlands led to no other access to England except a big maritime attempt
After two years of planning, the English tried to intercept the Spanish but were blown back by winds
Finally fought off the shores of France, and after hours of battle a wind change left the Spanish no option but to flee

16. The Babington Plot
Elizabeth’s cousin, Mary Queen of Scots, was believed to be the rightful heir to the throne, and was Catholic.
Elizbeth felt threatened and imprisoned her
One of Mary’s followers had a plan to free her, which included the assassination of Elizabeth
These letters being sent back and forth were intercepted and deciphered by spies.
This plot led to Mary’s death, as well as the leader of this plan, Anthony Babington

17. English Monarchs – Stuart
James I
Charles I
Worst problems were money
Refused to make Puritan reforms
New translated Bible
Needed money for wars with Spain and France
Signed Petition of Rights
Law is higher than King

18. The English Civil War
Royalists vs. Parliament (supporters of Charles vs. Puritan Supporters)
Oliver Cromwell – Puritan general
Cromwell captured the King and found him guilty of treason, sentenced to death.
First time a King was put to public trial and execution

19. Oliver Cromwell Cromwell now is in control of country
Abolished monarchy
Sent home remaining Parliament
Drafted first constitution, but ripped it up and became a military dictator
Promoted Puritan morality and abolished “sinful” activites.

20. English Monarchs – Stuart
Charles II
James II
Restored the monarchy
Lead a peaceful reign considering the years before
Had to clean up Cromwell mess
Habeas Corpus
Whigs vs Tories
Devout Catholic
Sent country into turmoil again over religion
Dissolved Parliament over religion
Members invited James daughter, Mary and her husband William to overthrow James

21. William and Mary
Lead an army into London, leading James II to flee to France
This Bloodless overthrow is known as the Glorious Revolution
Back to Protestant rule
English Bill of Rights