1. The Crusades

3. Definition
a military expedition undertaken by European Christians to regain the Holy Land from Muslims
In 1095, Pope Urban II called them to action after being asked for help by Byzantine Emperor Alexius I. “God wills it!”

4. Motives
Peasants: promised salvation…escaped manor life…adventure
Knights: use their fighting skills…chance to gain land and wealth in the East
Lords: chance to gain land and wealth in the East…political power
Pope: free Holy Land from the Muslims…help Christians in Byzantine Empire to defend their territory from the Seljuk Turks…heal the schism between the churches
Cities: expand their trading markets

5. Major crusades
First Crusade: Peasants’ Crusade…land route…captured Jerusalem in 1099…massacred Muslims and Jews…set up feudal states
Second Crusade: Land route…attempted to reinforce feudal states…made it as far as Turkey…spent more time fighting each other than Muslims…Jerusalem was lost to Muslims led by Saladin
Third Crusade: Kings’ Crusade…water route….French, English, and German kings…attempted to regain Jerusalem…disaster….King Frederick of Germany drowned in a river…failed to recapture Jerusalem but it was opened to Christian pilgrims
Fourth Crusade: water route…purpose was to gather works of art, jewels, and gold to pay off debts incurred on previous crusades…crusaders ransacked towns and sent their treasures home to be sold for cash

7. Spanish Reconquista and Inquisition
Other crusades
North Africa
Children’s Crusade of 1212
Spanish Reconquista and Inquisition

8. Impact/outcomes
Legacy of hatred
Atrocities in the name of religion
Hatred toward Jews in Europe
Muslim groups unified
New goods brought back to Europe
Trade increased and expanded
Increased power of monarchs
Churches still split
Exploration of the world
Pope’s power declined
Feudalism declines
Holy Land not held by Christians