1. D.N.A Objective: SWBAT propose an “Ecology Intervention” for an ecological issue of their choosing and prepare a statement to Congress
The organic and inorganic materials in all the organisms in the diagram will eventually return to the environment by the action of
(A) decomposers
(B) producers
(C) primary consumers
(D) secondary consumers
(E) top carnivores
Use the diagram of the food web to identify the placement of each of the following trophic levels
Primary producer
Omnivore
Decomposer
Top Carnivore

2. D.N.A Objective: SWBAT explain the relationship between species richness, equability, and diversity.
An overlap in the niches of two species will most frequently result in
(A) interspecific cooperation
(B) a hybridization of species
(C) a mutualistic symbiotic relationship
(D) an increase in the biomass
(E) interspecific competition
Competitive exclusion is most likely to occur between two
(A) closely related species occupying different niches
(B) closely related species occupying the same niche
(C) related species occupying different habitats
(D) unrelated species occupying different niches
(E) populations of the same species

3. organism
population
Community Ecology
community
ecosystem
biosphere

4. Community Ecology Community Community Ecology
all the organisms that live together in a place
interactions
Community Ecology
study of interactions among all populations in a common environment
To answer:
In what way do the populations interact?

5. Four key characteristics of a community
1. Species diversity
2. Dominant species
3. Response to disturbances
4. Trophic structure

6. Niche An organism’s niche is its ecological role
habitat = address vs. niche = job
High tide
Competitive Exclusion
If Species 2 is removed, then Species 1 will occupy whole tidal zone. But at lower depths Species 2 out-competes Species 1, excluding it from its potential (fundamental) niche.
Species 1
Low tide
Chthamalus sp.
Species 2
Fundamental
niches
Realized
niches
Semibalanus sp.

7. Niche & competition Competitive Exclusion
No two similar species can occupy the same niche at the same time

8. Interspecific interactions
Symbiotic interactions
competition (-/-)
compete for limited resource
competitive exclusion!
predation / parasitism (-/+)
mutualism (+/+)
lichens (algae & fungus)
commensalism (+/0)
barnacles attached to whale

9. Mutualism
OPEN WIDE: A cleaner shrimp reaches into a moray eel's mouth. The shrimp uses its claws to pick stuff off the eel's body. That can include dead skin, tiny pieces of food, and even little creatures that can hurt the fish.

10. Bats get food from the flower. Seeds come out in bat poop.
Mutualism
Example 2:
Bats get food from the flower. Seeds come out in bat poop.

11. More examples of Commensalism
Clownfish hide in poisonous sea anemones which protect them from larger fish. The clownfish benefit, and nothing happens to the sea anemones.

12. Parasitism
Female mosquito feasting on human blood.

13. Predation drives evolution
Predators adaptations
locate & subdue prey
Prey adaptations
elude & defend
Predation provides a strong selection pressure on both prey & predator
horns, speed, coloration
spines, thorns, toxins
Predation provides a strong selective pressure on prey populations. Ay feature that would decrease the probability of capture should be strongly favored.

14. Anti-predator adaptations
Hide from predators
avoid detection
camouflage
Warn predators
advertise how undesirable you are as prey
aposematic coloration
apo = away & sematic = sign/meaning
Batesian mimicry
Mullerian mimicry

15. Defense mechanisms Camouflage cryptic coloration whipporwill frog
lizard
lizard
toad

16. Mimicry Convergent evolution Batesian mimicry green parrot snake
palatable or harmless species mimics a harmful model
Batesian mimicry
green parrot snake
Hawkmoth larva puffs up to look like poisonous snake
hawkmoth larvae

17. Which is the fly vs. the bee? Which is the moth vs. the bee?
Convergent evolution
Batesian mimicry
Monarch male
poisonous
Viceroy male
edible
Which is the fly vs. the bee?
Which is the moth vs. the bee?
fly
bee
moth
bee

18. Mullerian mimicry two or more protected species look like each other
- group defense?
- predators may evolve innate avoidance

19. Common warning coloration
Aposematic species come to resemble each other
black, red, orange & yellow means: DON’T EAT ME!

20. Coral snake is poisonous
King snake is not
Red on yellow, poison fellow; red on black, safe from attack

21. Species diversity greater diversity = greater stability
Greater biodiversity offers:
more food resources
more habitats
more resilience in face of environmental change