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Middle Eastern Empires
The First Caliphs to the end of the Medieval Era
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Death of the Prophet Dies in 632
Crisis – Who will lead the Ummah (Islamic Community) Crisis – Who will lead politically Crisis – Problems will arise not addressed by Muhammad or Quran
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Muhammad’s replacement
No more revelations from god Caliph Political leader – make decisions Religious leader – lead Ummah
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The First Caliph – Abu Bakr 632-634
In mid seventies when selected Declares no Apostasy from Islam Pacifies/Conquers Arabian Peninsula All Arab tribes accept Islam Through persuasion and threat of war
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The Second Caliph – Umar 634-644
Abu Bakr appoints him as his successor Conquers Syria, Palestine, Lebanon, Libya, Egypt, and Persian Empire Persians first non-Arabs under Arab Empire Amirs (governors) to administer areas Stabbed to death by Persian POW
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The Third Caliph – Uthman 644-656
Committee selects him as third caliph From the Ummayid family Puts his family in high ranking gov’t positions across the empire Organizes Arab empire Economically and Socially Jizye – tax paid by dhimmi (non Arabs) Land taxes – basis of empire Warfare – Conquering leads to new wealth No taxes on trade/commerce 656 – killed by soldiers from Egypt
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The Fourth Caliph – Ali Ibn Abu Talib 656-661
Muhammad’s cousin Selected Calpih Charismatic – People loved him a lot or hated him, no in between Personal followers – Shia Saw Ali as an Imam (Special religious insight from the family of Muhammad) Said Ali should have been first Caliph Problems brewing
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Civil War Ummayids do not recognize Ali as Caliph
Control most of empire Lead by Governor of Syria, Muawiya Ali makes his capital Kufa (Baghdad) Plans to invade Syria Ali killed 661 by Fundamentalists Muawiya takes control of the Empire Moves capital to Damascus Creates Ummayid Caliphate
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Ummayid Caliphate 662-751 12 Caliphs Creates army based on Arab tribes
Divine right rule Creates army based on Arab tribes Expansion Central Asia to Chinese/Indian border North Africa and Iberian Peninsula Arabic setting deep routes in society and culture Economy Jizye still in place – most people are not Arabs No tax on trade/commerece
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Collapse of the Ummayids
Imperial problems Non-Arab Muslims (Mawali) – If they convert must they pay the Jizye? Ummayids say yes Wars not as profitable Dissent politically and religiously Kharajites, Shia, Mawali Abbasid Revolution Makes promises to all anti-Ummayid factions Overthrows Ummayids
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Abbasid Caliphate 751-1256 Moved capital to Baghdad
Converts no longer have to pay Jizye – mass conversions follow Tax trade/Commerce – center of the global economy Fewer military expeditions
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Abbasid Golden Age – 750-900 Bayt al-Hikma (House of Wisdom)
Similar to Alexander’s library Sharia Islamic law Ulema Professional, religious thinkers Sunni/Shia split Sunni – 80% of all Muslims
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Unraveling of Abbasid Unity
Territory too large for one gov’t to control Amirs taking direct control of their provinces Islam setting deeper roots Shia Islam prominent in some areas (ex. Egypt, Iran)
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The Coming of the Turks Used as slave soldiers (Mamelukes)
Chieftains will use Islam to form Confederations Manzikert 1071 – Turkish immigrants flood into Anatolia Empires such as the Seljuks and Ghaznavids Sets the scene for Ottoman Empire several centuries later
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