1. Final Review Final Exam: Venue: this classroom
Dec 18 (Monday) 6:30pm-8:30pm (upto 9pm)
five big problems, 2 hours to 2 1/2 hours (not more than 3 hours!), similar to Quizzes I/II, similar to sample final exam
short questions, “case study”, problem solving, etc.
“comprehensive”, emphasis on material covered later in the semester
Everything in lecture notes (except “optional” material, e.g., mobility)
Open-book, open-notes, open Internet
concepts, issues, mechanisms/algorithms, problem solving
NO COMMUNICIATION w/ your classmates or others during the exam!
Final conflict: please us, and let us your availability – we’ll arrange a make-up exam for you!
CSci4211: Final Review

2. (Reference) Final Letter Grade Criteria
[ ) B+
[ ) B
[ ) B-
[ ) C+
[ ) C
[ ) C-
[ ) D+
[ ) D
[ ) F
Grades are to help you check how much you have learned, where your weaknesses lie.
No competition among members
of the class!
Everybody have a chance to get A if you work for it
Depends on the situations/progress,
extra credit would be available
The ranges for letter grades only revise down, not up!

3. Questions?
CSci4211: Final Review

4. Putting Everything Together Did you get the whole picture?
CSci4211: Final Review

5. Internet: A Huge Success Story
From the original four-node ARPNET research experiment to today’s global information infrastructure

6. Internet: a huge transformative & disruptive force!
What has become of the Internet:
Information Service and E-Commerce Platform
deliver all kinds of information, news, music, video, shopping
web, spotify, iTune, youtube, Netflix, Hulu, …
Global Information Repository
store and search for all kinds of information
google, flickr, dropbox, icloud, …
Cyberspace and Virtual Communities
keep in touch with friends and strangers
, facebook, twitter, snapchat, …
Enormous Super-Computer
mobile, cloud computing and services
We’re increasingly depending on it!

7. Success of Today’s Internet
Today’s Internet can be primarily characterized by its success as a (human-centric, content-oriented) information delivery platform
Web access, search engine, e-commerce, social networking, multimedia (music/video) streaming, cloud storage, …
users search for and interact with websites (or “content”), or interact with other users;
users consume or generate information
static vs. dynamic content
Rise of web (and HTTP) – coupled with emergence of mobile technologies – led to cloud computing and CDNs
Huge data centers with massive compute and storage capacities to store information, process user requests and generate content they desire
CDNs with geographically distributed edge servers to “scale out” and facilitate “speedier” information delivery

8. More gadgets are plugged in …
servers, desktops, laptops, …
smart mobile phones, iPads, e-readers, …
now TVs, thermostats, smart meters, etc., soon toasters, fridges, … 
Wireless technologies revolutionizing Internet!
WiFi, bluetooth, 3/4G cellular networks, NFC, RFID, …
High-tier
Low-tier
High Mobility
Low Mobility
Wide Area
Local Area
mobile computing
location services
Internet of Things (IoT)

9. Within the Internet Core
Large ISPs with large geographical span
and
Large content providers with huge data centers
High capacity,
dense and rich topology
Cloud Computing/Services
and Mobile Computing

10. Content Distribution Ecosystem
Multiple major entities involved!
content providers (CPs), content distribution networks (CDNs), ISPs and of course, end systems & users
some entities may assume multiple roles
Complex business relationships: sometimes cooperative, but often competitive
media
players
CDN2 & its servers
CP2
data centers
CDN1 & its servers
CP1
data centers
ISP
ISP
ISP
users

11. Static Content Distribution:
YouTube as a Case Study: world’s largest video sharing site
User interaction with content (e.g., search for a video) is separated from video delivery
Employs a combination of various “tricks” and mechanisms to scale with YouTube size & handle video delivery dynamics

12. Static Content Distribution:
Netflix as a Case Study: “first” large-scale cloud-sourcing success
Has its own “data center” for certain crucial operations (e.g., user registration, …)
Most web-based user-video interaction, computation/storage operations are cloud-sourced to Amazon AWS
Users need to use MS Silverlight or other players for video streaming
Video delivery was/is partly out/cloud-sourced to 3 CDNs;
but now most utilizes its “own” OpenConnect boxes placed at participating ISPs, forming its own CDN
OpenConnect
CDN

13. Dynamic Content Distribution
Web search as (dynamic) content delivery – e-commerce, social networking services have similar architectures
response contains both static content (e.g., banner, css files) and dynamically generated search response (dynamic content)
User QoE metric: end-to-end search response time (SRT)
Generic Web Search System Architecture
backend data centers processing search
queries & generating responses
front-end edge servers (CDN)
handling search query delivery
Front-End (FE) Servers
(Edge Cloud/CDN)
Back-end (BE)
Data Centers
Google: deploy its own CDN
Bing: utilized Akamai CDN
(it now also builds its own CDN)
Amazon and Facebook have also built its own CDNs

14. Data Center Networks
10’s to 100’s of thousands of hosts, often closely coupled, in close proximity:
e-business (e.g. Amazon)
content-servers (e.g., YouTube, Akamai, Apple, Microsoft)
search engines, data mining (e.g., Google)
challenges:
multiple applications, each serving massive numbers of clients
managing/balancing load, avoiding processing, networking, data bottlenecks
Inside a 40-ft Microsoft container,
Chicago data center

15. Data center networks load balancer: application-layer routing Internet
receives external client requests
directs workload within data center
returns results to external client (hiding data center internals from client)
Internet
Border router
Load
balancer
Load
balancer
Access router
Tier-1 switches B A C
Tier-2 switches
TOR switches
Server racks 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

16. Data center networks rich interconnection among switches, racks:
increased throughput between racks (multiple routing paths possible)
increased reliability via redundancy
Server racks
TOR switches
Tier-1 switches
Tier-2 switches 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

17. Facebook Data Center Fabric
CSci4211: Final Review

18. Facebook Data Center Fabric
CSci4211: Final Review

19. Putting Everything Together Did you get the whole picture?
CSci4211: Final Review

20. A Quick Review of What We Learned
Basic concepts in computer networks
packet switching & statistical multiplexing
protocols and layered architecture
fundamental issues in networking
distributed & complex system
addressing, protocols, …
many things can go wrong: error, loss, …
correct operations, efficiency of protocols
Application Layer
application requirements & transport services
client-server vs. peer to peer paradigms
domain name system and DNS (name vs. address)
CSci4211: Final Review

21. A Quick Review of What We Learned…
Transport Layer: basic functions & services
multiplexing and de-multiplexing
UDP: connectionless transport service
src/dst port no.’s, checksum
TCP: connection-oriented, reliable service
TCP segment format, seq./ack. no, “flags”
connection set-up and tear down
reliable data transfer protocols
stop-&-wait, Go-back-N, selective repeat
Network Layer: basic functions & services
end-to-end data delivery: addressing, routing & forwarding
network data plane vs. control plane
data plane: layer 3 routers (and also layer 2 switches)
IP addresses: network part (net prefix) vs. host part
CSci4211: Final Review

22. A Quick Review of What We Learned …
How to obtain an IP address: how does DHCP work?
Network service models: datagram vs. virtual circuit
IP Forwarding: datagram model
forwarding within vs. outside an IP subnet: How does a host know whether a destination is within or outside its subnet? n
within same IP network:
direct forwarding using data link layer
need to know MAC address of destination: ARP!
Outside its own IP network:
forward to its (default) router:
need to know router’s MAC address
router looks up its routing table (using longest prefix matching), and forwards to other routers if necessary; a packet finally reaches its destination host
Understanding interaction with data link layer important!
CSci4211: Final Review

23. A Quick Review of What We Learned …
IP datagram format
source and destination IP addresses
IP datagram id, offset, length, “fragment flags”
why IP fragmentation may be necessary
link and path MTUs
how fragmentation and reassembly done
how these fields are used
TTL, header checksum, IP options, …
ICMP protocol:
When are ICMP messages generated
What ICMP messages are used for
error/info reporting to source, ICMP redirect, …
Virtual Circuit: how to set up a VC?
incoming and outgoing VCI numbers, input/output ports
MPLS (multi-protocol label switching)
CSci4211: Final Review

24. A Quick Review of What We Learned …
Network Control Plane: centralized vs. distributed
(Distributed) Network Routing: basic issues
two distributed routing algorithms
link state vs. distance vector
routing information exchanged
how shortest paths computed
how routing tables constructed
count-to-infinity problem in DV
SDN and Centralized Control Plane: Openflow switches and SDN controllers
Routing in Internet
scaling issues and hierarchical routing
inter-domain vs. intra-domain routing
Intra-domain routing protocols: RIP, OSPF
Inter-domain: BGP and policy routing
customer-provider vs. peering relationships
CSci4211: Final Review

25. Routing & Forwarding: Logical View of a RouterB F 2 1 3 5
Here is an abstract view of the internals of a typical router. We can separate the functionality of a router into control plane and data plane. The control plane is responsible for exchanging routing information (control packets) with other routers and making routing decisions. Generally, there exists a route processor to process these control packets and to update the routing table. This routing table is then condensed into a form known as forwarding table for quick lookup by the data plane. The job of data plane is to switch packets from input ports to output ports, which is essentially a forwarding.engine. Data packets flow thru this faster data plane while control packets are processed by slower control plane. Another way to look at is that routing decisions are made by control plane and forwarding lookups done by data plane.
CSci4211: Final Review

26. A Quick Review of What We Learned …
Data Link Layer : basic services and functions
data delivery over a link: framing, access control, error checking, …
MAC addresses (typically 48 bits)
flat addressing: hexadecimal notation, 45:AF:00:FF:12:01
unicast vs. broadcast: how adapter deals with MAC addr.?
Address resolution and ARP
why do we need ARP? (see previous slide)
how does ARP work?
how are ARP messages delivered?
Interaction between IP layer and data link layer!
Broadcast local area network & media access control
Why do we need media access control (MAC?)
shared media: issues and difficulties
addressing (MAC addresses)
Taxonomy of MAC mechanisms
CSci4211: Final Review

27. A Quick Review of What We Learned …
Data Link Layer …:
Random access control:
ALOHA vs. slotted ALOHA
CSMA vs. CSMA/CD (carrier sensing, collision detection)
Adaptive (on-demand) controlled access:
token passing vs. polling
Efficiency of MAC protocols: light vs. heavy load
Ethernet
CSMA/CD, exponential random back-off
how does it work? basic algorithm
Some important concepts:
collision domain & network diameter
bit time, slot time (512 bit time)
Why does Ethernet have a min. frame size constraint?
Ethernet frame format
10BaseT, 100BaseT (Fast Ethernet), Gigabit Ethernet
CSci4211: Final Review

28. A Quick Review of What We Learned …
Data Link Layer …:
802.11b and Wireless LAN:
key issues & difficulties:
hidden terminal problem, power saving requirement
receiver acknowledgement needed!
how does it work? SIFS < DIFS
CSMA/CA:
how does it work? RTS, CTS, NAV
PPP: point-to-point link layer protocol, byte stuffing
Bridging: connecting multiple LAN segments
basic functions: forwarding/filtering frames
bridge forwarding table & self-learning
looping issue: bride spanning tree
Special Networking Devices we have encountered:
repeaters (hubs), bridges/(layer 2) switches, routers
What are their functions, and how do they work?
CSci4211: Final Review

29. Putting Everything Together Did you get the whole picture?
CSci4211: Final Review

30. Putting Everything Together…
Walk through the whole picture, and do the following “gedanken” experiments, thinking about
operations performed at hosts/servers
source host, destination host (web, mail servers, …)
Internet infrastructure servers (DNS, DHCP, …)
addressing information at each layer
interaction between the layers (e.g.,various protocols used)
operations performed by hubs, bridges/switches, routers
what information maintained by each device, how do they get the information? what actions do they perform?
how host A downloads a web page from web server
how host A telnets to host B?
how host C accesses the mail server mail.cs.umn.edu?
how host A downloads a web page from web server
how host A accesses his/her at his/her yahoo mail account?
how host C sends, say, an instant message, to a user logged on at host X?
Fall 2003
CSci4211: Final Review

31. Questions?
CSci4211: Final Review