1. 11 FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Section 11.1 Income Statements & Cash Flow
Section 11.2 The Balance Sheet

2. Time Period Calendar Year – January 1 – December 31
Fiscal Year – any year long time period
BCS – July 1 – June 30
Most Small Businesses – March 1- February 28
Why?

3. Income Statements
An income statement is a financial document that summarizes a business’s income and expenses over a given time period and shows whether the business made a profit or took a loss.
Income statements are prepared periodically to show how a business is performing:
Monthly
Quarterly
Annually
Income statements differ in how they show their variable expenses. They may appear under:
Cost of Goods Sold
Cost of Goods Manufactured and Sold
Cost of Services Sold

4. Parts of a Typical Income Statement
Income statements generally include these parts:
Revenue. The money the business receives from selling products or services.
Cost of Goods/Services Sold. The cost of producing the goods or services.
Gross Profit. Net sales minus the cost of goods sold.
Operating Expenses. The expenses of running the business.
Pre-Tax Profit. Gross profit minus the operating expenses.
Net Profit (Loss). Pre-tax profit minus taxes.

5. Preparing Income Statements
To prepare an income statement:
Determine the business's Revenue.
Units sold x Selling price
Calculate the Cost of Goods Sold.
Page 298. Per unit
Determine the Gross Profit.
(= line1.- line 2.)
Calculate Operating Expenses.
Page 295.
Determine the Pre-Tax Profit.
(= line 3.- line 4.)
Determine the Net Profit or Loss.
(= line 5.- Taxes.)

6. Traditional-Format Income Statement
The traditional-format income statement subtracts the Cost of Goods Sold from the Net Sales to determine the Gross Profit.
COGS subtracted from Net Sales

7. Contribution-Margin-Format Income Statement
The contribution-margin-format income statement subtracts all the variable expenses from the Net Sales to determine the Contribution Margin.
Total Variable Expenses subtracted from Net Sales

8. Cash Inflow – Cash Outflow = Net Cash
Cash Flow
Cash flow is the money received minus what is spent over a specified period of time.
The cash flow equation is:
A cash flow statement is a financial document that records inflows and outflows of cash when they actually occur.
Cash Inflow – Cash Outflow = Net Cash

9. Ways to Keep Cash Flowing
Five ways to avoid being caught without enough cash to
pay your bills are:
Collect Cash as Soon as Possible
Pay Bills Close to the Due Date
Keep Track of Your Cash
Lease Equipment
Keep Inventory to a Minimum
Cash flow is cyclical for many businesses, meaning that it
varies according to the time of year.

10. Projected Cash Flow Statement

11. Annual Income Statement

12. Cash on Hand ÷ Burn Rate = Number of Months before
The Burn Rate
The rate at which a company spends cash to cover overhead costs without generating a positive cash flow is called the burn rate.
Use the burn rate to calculate how long a company can go without revenue.
Cash on Hand ÷ Burn Rate = Number of Months before
Cash Runs Out

13. 11.2
The Balance Sheet
Identify the purpose and components of a balance sheet
Explain how balance sheets are prepared
Provide two methods used to analyze balance sheets

14. Assets – Liabilities = Owner’s Equity
What Is a Balance Sheet?
A balance sheet is a financial statement that summarizes the assets and liabilities (debts) of a business.
The balance sheet focuses on the fundamental accounting equation:
Assets include everything owned by the business that has a monetary value.
Liabilities include any outstanding bill or loan that must be repaid.
The value of the business on a specific date is referred to as the owner’s equity.
Assets – Liabilities = Owner’s Equity

15. What Is a Balance Sheet?
Assets are the items of value owned by a business.
Short-term assets that can be converted into cash within one year are current assets.
Assets that usually take longer than one year to turn into cash are long-term assets.
Liabilities are all sums of money owed by the business.
Short-term debts that must be repaid within one year are current liabilities.
Debts that usually take longer than one year to repay are long-term liabilities.

16. Preparing Balance Sheets
Balance sheets are divided into two sections: (1) Assets and
(2) Liabilities and Owner’s Equity.
To prepare a balance sheet:
Determine the value of the company’s assets.
Establish the value of the business’s long-term assets.
Verify the company’s total liabilities.
Determine the value of the business’s long-term assets.
Calculate the business's long-term liabilities.
Determine the owner’s equity.