1. Biomass Cook Stoves Thermo-Chemical Conversion HOME 8 8
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2. Thermo-Chemical Conversion (BIOMASS STOVE)
Introduction
A biomass cook stove is heated by burning wood, charcoal, animal dung or crop residue. Cook stoves are commonly used for cooking and heating food in developing countries.
Cooking over a traditional open fire or mud stove can cause increased health problems brought on from the smoke, particularly lung and eye ailments. The health problems associated with cooking using biomass in traditional stoves affect women and children most strongly, as they spend the most time near the domestic hearth. 8
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3. Thermo-Chemical Conversion (BIOMASS STOVE)
Household air pollution and Health
Around 3 billion people cook and heat their homes using open fires and simple stoves burning biomass (wood, animal dung and crop waste) and coal.
Over 4 million people die prematurely from illness attributable to the household air pollution from cooking with solid fuels.
More than 50% of premature deaths due to pneumonia among children under 5 are caused by the particulate matter (soot) inhaled from household air pollution. 8
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4. Thermo-Chemical Conversion (BIOMASS STOVE)
Household air pollution and Health
3.8 million premature deaths annually from non communicable diseases including stroke, chronic heart disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and lung cancer are attributed to exposure to household air pollution. 8
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5. Thermo-Chemical Conversion (BIOMASS STOVE)
The table is composed from the data provided in Ravindranath and Hall(1995), Shukla (1997), Kishore et al (2004) and TERI (2004/05)
Natural Statistics on fuel use in cook stove 8
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6. Thermo-Chemical Conversion (BIOMASS STOVE)
Historical overview of Biomass stoves
Pyramid configuration stove stone stove U shaped stove 8
Rocket stove Gasifier stove Chulhas
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7. Thermo-Chemical Conversion (BIOMASS STOVE)
Classification of Biomass stoves
On the basis of use of technology
a) Traditional b) Improved/Advanced stoves
On the basis of type of draft used
a) Natural b) Forced draft
On the basis of combustion type
a) Direct combustion b) Gasifier type 8
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8. Thermo-Chemical Conversion (BIOMASS STOVE)
Classification of Biomass stoves
On the basis of use of technology
Traditional stoves
Three stoves, mud stoves were used with lower efficiency (20%) with high harmful emission.
Improved/Advanced stoves
A few common design strategies are placed fuel grate under the burning fuel, chimney above the fire and insulation. Induced or Forced airflow for clean burning of fuel. 8
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9. Thermo-Chemical Conversion (BIOMASS STOVE)
On the basis of type of draft used
Natural draft Forced draft
Classification of Biomass stoves 8
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10. Thermo-Chemical Conversion (BIOMASS STOVE)
On the basis of type of draft used
Direct combustion Gasifier type
Classification of Biomass stoves 8
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11. Thermo-Chemical Conversion (BIOMASS STOVE)
Portable stoves
Principle
Reverse downdraft gasification stove with controlled air distribution
Control the air to fuel ratio near stoichiometry throughout the combustion process to reduce emissions of CO, HC, NOx
Portable stove design
Implementation using entrepreneurial approach
Targeted for replacing kerosene and also wood stoves
Uses pellets from Agro residues
Efficiency upwards of 50 %
Emissions CO to 1.0 g/MJ
Particulate matter to 9.0 mg/MJ 8
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12. Type of Biomass Cookstove Standard Performance Parameters
Thermo-Chemical Conversion (BIOMASS STOVE)
Focus on emission and efficiency
The Standards
Sl. No.
Type of Biomass Cookstove
Standard Performance Parameters
Thermal Efficiency (%)
CO (g/MJ)
PM (mg/MJ) 1
Natural Draft Type
Not less than 25
≤ 5
≤ 350 2.
Forced Draft Type
Not less than 35
≤ 150 8
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13. Thermo-Chemical Conversion (BIOMASS STOVE)
The below table compare the emissions and efficiency of various classes of stoves
Emissions and Efficiency comparison
Nature of stoves
Thermal efficiency (%) CO
(g/MJ) PM
(mg/MJ)
Free- convection-based designs mud, ceramic, metal
15-35
1.5-15
Fan-based stoves
35-45
2-20
Optimized gasifier fan stove
40-50
2-9 8
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14. FOFC – fuel optimized forced convection
Thermo-Chemical Conversion (BIOMASS STOVE)
Emissions and Efficiency comparison
FC – forced convection
FOFC – fuel optimized forced convection
Figure: CO emissions (g/MJ) versus water boiling efficiency from many studies. 8
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15. Thermo-Chemical Conversion (BIOMASS STOVE)
Stove program in INDIA
Earlier, a National Programme on Improved Cook stoves (NPIC) was launched by the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE), Government of India in 1985 and the programme continued till 2003.
Around 35 million cook stoves were reported to have been disseminated under the programme. 8
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16. Thermo-Chemical Conversion (BIOMASS STOVE)
Stove program in INDIA
The IS Standard (Part I):1991 on  Solid Biomass Chulha by the Bureau of Indian Standard has been in practice for performance testing of biomass cook stoves in India. As per the BIS, the stove qualifies if, the thermal efficiency of solid biomass cook stoves should be more than 25%, CO/CO2 ratio 0.04 or below and Total Suspended Particulate matter (TSP) not more than 2 mg/m3 and the body temperature should not be more than 600 C 8
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17. Thermo-Chemical Conversion (BIOMASS STOVE)
Objective: NPIC aimed to disseminate improved cook stoves to ~120 million households relying on traditional and biomass stoves, particularly in rural areas
Structure: NPIC was implemented in 23 states and 5 union territories through a multi-model, multi-agency approach.
Product source: >60 varieties of improved clay and chimney based mud stoves were sourced from private companies, NGOs and research institutes, with the government bearing half the cost of stoves
Stove program in INDIA 8
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18. Thermo-Chemical Conversion (BIOMASS STOVE)
Stove program in INDIA
Marketing: Ten-day demonstration camps were held to encourage and engage villagers, local government collaborators and students in distributing stoves
Price: Cost of stoves varied between $2 – $6 with an additional 50-75% direct cash subsidy depending on the region and social status
Impact: 33.8 million stoves, ~27% of target, distributed in rural India 8
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19. Thermo-Chemical Conversion (BIOMASS STOVE)
Key challenges faced
Issues with stove quality and usage because of low durability, poor long-term performance and sub-optimal usage as the user was not included in the design process
Government based subsidy mechanisms were not sustainable in the long run and provided disincentives for entrepreneurs to develop their from their own improved stoves initiatives
Government failed to target regions where fuel scarcity were severe, or where firewood was very expensive
Negligible monitoring of the program, making it difficult to evaluate and develop needed corrections in design and distribution 8
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20. Thermo-Chemical Conversion (BIOMASS STOVE)
MNRE recent Activity
Recognizing the potential of improved biomass cook stoves for providing cleaner cooking solutions, MNRE launched a new initiative called the National Biomass Cookstove Program (NBCP) in 2009 (being renamed as “Unnat Chulha Abhiyan” (UCA)) to promote development and deployment of efficient and cost effective biomass cook stoves to replace the existing inefficient traditional chulha (cook stoves) being used in the country. Improvements in the testing methodology and also the reference standards has been implemented with a new BIS code 3 test centres have been setup towards testing of the stoves 8
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21. Thermo-Chemical Conversion (BIOMASS STOVE)
Distribution across INDIA
Success story of OORJA Stove
Technology transferred initially BP and now managed by First Energy Pvt Ltd
About 0.45 million stoves are commercially sold over the last 4 years
Uses agro residue pellets as the fuel - to replace oil based devices
Replaces about 0.17 million tons of oil annually 8
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22. Thermo-Chemical Conversion (BIOMASS STOVE)
Success story of OORJA Stove
Typical Cost analysis  A kitchen using non subsidised LPG can save around Rs 37 per kg of LPG that they replace with Oorja Pellets
Around 100 tons of Pellets are consumed per day
Replacing around 40 tons of LPG per day
Abating about 100 Tons of CO2 emission per day
Saving around Rs 15 Lakhs per day collectively
Amounting to around Rs million savings annually 8
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23. Thermo-Chemical Conversion (BIOMASS STOVE)
Success story of OORJA Stove 8
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24. Thermo-Chemical Conversion (BIOMASS STOVE)
Visit MNRE website.
Visit CGPL website.
Visit website
Visit WHO website
Book – Understanding clean energy and fuels from Biomass by Dr H S Mukunda
More information 8
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