1. Structure of the lungs and Pulmonary Ventilation
Inspiration and Expiration

2. Structure of the Respiratory and System
Nose  hairs and mucus filter air. Air is warmed
Pharynx  Food and air pass through. At the bottom of the pharynx air is directed through the larynx (food down the oesophagus)
Larynx  The opening is covered by the epiglottis (made of cartilage) which prevents food from entering the lungs.

3. Structure of the Respiratory and System
Trachea  kept open and protected by C-shaped pieces of cartilage. Lined with mucus-secreting and ciliated cells. These cells remove foreign particles by pushing them back up towards the larynx.
Bronchi  Enter the lungs (one in each). Reinforced with cartilage.
Bronchioles  contain smooth muscle. If this muscle contracts (as it does during an asthma attack), it can cause severe breathing difficulties.

4. Structure of the Respiratory and System
Alveoli  approx. 300 million, which provide a surface area similar to that of a tennis court.
Walls are extremely thin, aiding efficient gas exchange
Surrounded by capillaries
Surface are moist to aid diffusion and disolve oxygen

5. Structure of the Respiratory System
I know that lungs are specialised organs where oxygen from the air enters the blood and carbon dioxide in the blood passes into the alveoli.
I know how the alveoli provide a large surface area for gas exchange.
I know the mechanism of breathing.
Keywords: Inhalation, Exhalation, Inter-coastal Muscles, Diaphragm, Alveoli, Diffusion,
Structure of the Respiratory System
Cartilage (rings to prevent collapse)
Cilia
(Hair like structures help move mucus)
Mucus secreting cells
Smooth muscle
Trachea
Yes
Bronchus
Large Bronchioles No
Alveolus

6. Keywords: Inhalation, Exhalation, Inter-coastal Muscles, Diaphragm, Alveoli, Diffusion,

7. Task 1: Complete the following table for breathing in only!
I know the mechanism of brethg.
Keywords: Inhalation, Exhalation, Inter-coastal Muscles, Diaphragm, Alveoli, Diffusion,
Task 1: Complete the following table for breathing in only!
Breathing IN
Breathing OUT
External Intercostal muscles move
Ribs move
Volume of lungs
Diaphragm
Contract
Move OUT and UP
Increases
Contracts and moves DOWN

8. Keywords: Inhalation, Exhalation, Inter-coastal Muscles, Diaphragm, Alveoli, Diffusion,

9. Task 2: Complete the following table for breathing OUT.
Keywords: Inhalation, Exhalation, Inter-coastal Muscles, Diaphragm, Alveoli, Diffusion,
Task 2: Complete the following table for breathing OUT.
Breathing IN
Breathing OUT
Intercostals muscle move
Ribs move
Volume of lungs
Diaphragm
Contract
Relax
Move OUT and UP
Move IN and DOWN
Decreases
Increases
Contracts and moves DOWN
Relaxes and moves UP

10. Complete the following table:
Muscles Contracting or relaxing?
Muscles involved
Changes occurring to size and pressure
Inspiration at rest
Expiration at
rest
Inspiration during exercise
Expiration during exercise
Use page 31 of your text book to help.

11. Muscles Contracting or relaxing? Muscles involved
Changes occurring to size and pressure
Inspiration at rest
Contracting
External intercostals, diaphragm
Volume of thoracic cavity increases,
Pressure decreases
Expiration at
rest
Relaxing (muscles are passive)
Volume of thoracic cavity decreases,
Pressure increases
Inspiration during exercise
Expiration during exercise

12. Muscles Contracting or relaxing? Muscles involved
Changes occurring to size and pressure
Inspiration at rest
Expiration at
rest
Inspiration during exercise
Contracting
Diaphragm, External intercostals,
Scalenes, sternocleidomastoid and pectoralis minor.
Volume of thoracic cavity increases,
Pressure decreases
Expiration during exercise

13. Strenocleidomastoid lifts the sternum
Scalenes and pectoralis minor lift the ribs further

14. Complete the following table:
Muscles contracting or relaxing?
Muscles involved
Changes occurring to size and pressure
Inspiration at rest
Expiration at
rest
Inspiration during exercise
Expiration during exercise
Contracting
Relaxing
Abdominals,
Internal intercostals;
Diaphragm
External intercostals
Volume of thoracic cavity decreases,
Pressure increases.

15. External Respiration
The process of gas exchange between the lungs and the blood. Oxygen diffuses into the blood, while CO2 diffuses from the blood into the lungs.

16. Internal Respiration
The process of gas exchange between the blood, the fluids surrounding the cells, and the cells. Inside the cell, cellular respiration generates energy (ATP), using O2 and glucose and producing waste CO2.