1. Energy In Earth’s Processes
Introductory Concepts for Atmospheric Science
Energy In Earth’s Processes
Unit 5-Review book pages 82-93

2. Part I: Energy and Materials There are all different types of Energy There is long-wave and short-wave radiation

3. ESRT pg 14 Long Wavelength Energy: Short Wavelength Energy:

4. When energy reaches a material it can do any of the following:
1.) Become Refracted:
2.) Become Reflected:
3.) Become absorbed:
4.) Scattered:
5.) Transmitted:

5. Surface Properties of a Material affect how much energy is absorbed
1.) Texture: Roughness or Smoothness 2.) Color: how dark or light the object is 3.) What the material is made of (different materials have different absorption properties) But also how the energy is received: 4.) The angle at which the light is received 5.) The length of time it is exposed to radiation

6. Examples of Energy interactions: Refraction (bending)
Like the spectroscopes we used in class to observe spectra of Helium!
This is the bending of visible light

7. Reflection: Depends upon texture and angle of radiation received!
* The lake with calm, smooth water reflects MORE light vs. the rougher water which reflects LESS light

8. Absorption: texture and color is again a huge factor
Absorption: texture and color is again a huge factor. Ex: Why are solar panels BLACK and not white?
To increase absorption, we also want to limit the shininess, or smoothness of solar panels!

9. Answer the following: A rough surface OR A smooth surface
1.) What surface will absorb more energy and thus reflect LESS?
A rough surface OR A smooth surface
2.) What surface will absorb LESS energy and thus reflect MORE?
A light colored surface or a dark colored surface

10. Rule: A good Absorber is also a good Transmitter
Ex: Ms. Coh’ns OLD CAR:
Black paint, Black Seats 
In the summer: My car absorbs both visible and infrared heat energyfrom the sun!
Because of this it also re-radiates much of this heat; the interior of my car heats up very fast as a result!
Review: Complete pg 84 #1-12, pg 95 #1-2

11. Color and Transparency : White: Black: Clear:

12. Part II: Transformation of Energy pg 88-89
Heat energy is often transferred by friction
Ex: A glacier moving over the landscape creates friction with the surface and actually causes the ice at the bottom to melt
Glaciers also carve up the landscape by friction underneath the surface!.
PE: Potential Energy – is related to either a phase (solid, liquid gas) OR position (how high or low something is)
KE: Kinetic Energy- This is energy in motion (speed), but is also measured in vibrations of molecules which is temperature

13. PE and KE in position and temp.

14. ESRT pg 1 : SPECIFIC HEATS OF MATERIALS
Water has a very high _____________ heat (4.18 joules/gram * C)
This means it takes 4.18 joules of _____________ to heat 1 g of water 1 degree C.
This special property of water is WHY it takes such a long time to heat up, and also a long time to cool down (Hot Soup!)
-Other examples: The warmest ocean temperatures are recorded in early September not July when we experience the highest temperatures!

15. Specific Heats of Materials pg 1 ESRT
*The higher the specific heat of a substance, the longer it takes the substance to heat up, and then to cool down*
Which object would cool down FIRST after being heated?
Complete #25-30 pg 89, pg 95 #6,8,13-15

16. Part III: pg 90-93 3 Phases and Energy
The 3 phases are:
1.) ____________________
2.)___________________
3.)____________________
Energy that is stored as Potential Energy is called _____________ Heat
Vibrational energy, also referred to as Kinetic Energy, or “energy in motion,” is a measurement of _______________________.

17. Phase Changes
In order for a phase change to occur (ex: L  G), heat either needs to be added or removed.
Usually, when heat is added to a substance, T will
______________. NOT during a phase change
Ex: ________________
Usually, when heat is removed from a substance, T will _____________________. Not during a phase change
Ex: ___________________

18. Energy is either required or released during a phase change ESRT pg 1

20. Phase Changes & energy A gain requires heat (so the T of outside environment ↓) A loss is removal of heat (so the T of outside environment ↑ )
Solid _____________ = melting (gaining energy)
Liquid  Gas = ______________________ (gaining energy)
___________  Liquid = condensation (losing energy)
Liquid  _____________ = freezing (losing energy)
Solid  Gas = sublimation (gaining _________ of energy)
Gas  ____________ = deposition (losing lots of energy)

21. Latent Heat Energy (Heat energy in storage)
1.) Gas ______________ 2.) Liquid _____________ 3.) Solid ________________ So overall as you go from GL S, the latent heat energy (PE) _________ SLG, the latent heat energy (PE) _________

22. Ice, water, and even water vapor can coexist at 0 °C
Q: How is it possible that water and ice coexist at the same temperature?
This is why glaciologists and scientists who study interglacial lakes are constantly worried about getting stuck!
Review work:
Pg. 93 #31-48
Pg 96 # 9-12

23. Temperature does NOT change until after a phase change has occurred
Why?
Heat is being used for the phase change NOT to increase KE of the molecules (Temp.)

24. Heat Transfer will no longer occur once dynamic equilibrium is reached
PART IV: HEAT TRANSFER pg How is energy/heat transferred from one place to another?
RuEnergy is always transferred from the SOURCE to the SINK
Ex: Touching a snow ball during the winter, your hand feels cold BECAUSE heat is being transferred (lost from your hand to the snow)
Heat Transfer will no longer occur once dynamic equilibrium is reached
(ex: room temp coffee cup)
(No longer a change in temperature between two mediums)

25. Topic 2: Types of Energy Transfer
There are 3 means of Transfer:
1.) __________________
2.) __________________
3.)___________________

26. ____________by contact between solids
The hotter a molecule is the _____________ it vibrates

27. Conduction Connection!

28. Movement of Heat by Conduction
Heat always moves from something that is hot called a _______________ to something that is cold called a _______________.
What is an example of Conduction in everyday life?
______________________________________

30. The amount of energy absorbed by radiation depends upon:
1.)The angle at which the radiation hits the surface of a given material
Ex: _________________________
2.)The type of surface the radiation is being absorbed onto
Ex: black clothing absorbs radiation _____________ than white clothing. Texture (rough vs. smooth)
3) The length of ______________________ the substance is exposed to the radiation

31. _____________ is when light and heat travel through empty space
This form of heat flow requires no medium (substance)
Travels at _____________________ or better known as the “Speed of Light”
Energy from the sun reaches Earth in about 8 minutes (moves 150 km)

32. _________________- energy carried by the heated molecules as it moves
Movement of heated atoms results due to differences in __________________ in a fluid. Hot substances are ________ dense than colder substances which is why they rise.
Example of convection:

33. Convection in a room

34. Examples of Each Method

35. Summary:
1.) The three methods of energy transfer are Radiation, Conduction, Convection
-Radiation: sun/star light
-conduction- vibration of molecules(solidsolid)
-convection- due to density differences
2.) Heat will move from sourcesink
3.) If not all energy is gained by the “sink” it has been lost to the environment. All systems lose some heat energy during transfer; i.e. energy required to heat up the substance itself or by re-radiation (lab this week)
4.) Dynamic Equilibrium exists between source and sink when heat transfer is no longer occurring (ex: coffee cup cooling down to room temperature)
Complete: pg 86 #12-24, pg 95 #4-5, 7, pg 97 #16-24

36. Connections to Convection on Earth: Atmospheric Circulation from the equator to the poles

37. Connections to convection on Earth: Plate Tectonics

38. Connections to Radiation Absorption vs. Reflection on Earth: Albedo