1. 1 DECENTRALIZED WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT SOLUTION FOR DENSE PERI-URBAN AREAS IN VIETNAM NGUYEN, Viet-Anh, Assoc. Prof. PhD. Centre for Environmental Engineering (CEETIA), Hanoi University of Civil Engineering 2007 East Asia Ministerial Sanitation Conference Beppu city, Japan, 30 Nov. – 1 Dec. 2007

2. 2 Content 1.Introduction 2.Measure taken 3.Results 4.Conclusions and Recommendations

3. 3 1.Introduction

4. 4 Red river delta peri-urban areas: challenges In-between urban and rural context: –High pressures from urbanization –Low income, limited awareness, less infrastructure investments from higher level governments –Uncovered by urban sanitation services High groundwater table Nutrients reuse High density Mixed production (livestock breeding, food processing, other handicrafts) and living spaces Different water sources (rain, well, public shallow well...) Flat topography, frequent flood, difficult to separate surface drain and wastewater Toilets can not solve sanitation problem

5. 5 Lai Xa hamlet, Ha Tay province Hanoi: 0.5 km Lai Xa hamlet 900 households

6. 6 2. Measures taken Assurance: willingness to change! Involvement of Community leaders, Group of Activists (40) – from Clusters, Mass Organizations,... Coordination role! Start with IEC Master Plan for Water Supply and Sanitation for a Community Community choice: –Step-by-step approach in infrastructure development Solid Waste Management Drainage Wastewater Treatment Clean Water Supply Constant Awareness Raising efforts

7. 7 Technical solutions Source separation of solid waste Composting station and sanitary landfill Decentralized scheme of wastewater mgmt CSOs VIP and DVCL for unsewered households Start from household: Screen and Grid removal. Guidance! Regular check! Community BASTAFs + CWs. Step-wise approach. Safe reuse of wastewater(?)

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10. 10 To start from household! Indoor sanitation Cluster sanitation Wastewater treatment station Discharge/Reuse

11. 11 ST < STAF ~ BAST < BASTAF

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14. 14 BASTAF for 80 households

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16. 16 Non-technical solutions Training of trainers (40 activists) Community agreement, signed by households Institutional framework 50/50 share in investment costs Support for the poor Community supervision Setting up of local Sanitation Team Operational costs: household + local government

17. 17 Involved Stakeholders

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20. 20 3. Results Visible physical improvements Health improvement Social environment in the village

21. 21 Before After

22. 22 Before After

23. 23 Some other solutions to share

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25. 25 Further readings Duncan Mara, Jan-Olof Drangert, Nguyen Viet Anh, Andrzej Tonderski, Holger Gulyas, and Karin Tonderski. Selection of sustainable sanitation arrangements. IWA Journal: Water Policy, 9 (2007), 305–318 pp. Julie Beauséjour, Nguyen Xuan Dzung and Nguyen Viet Anh. Public participation and improved households practices in a small sanitation project in Lai Xa, Vietnam. Proceedings: 32 nd WEDC International Conference, Colombo, Sri Lanka, 2006. J. Beauséjour and A. V. Nguyen. Decentralized Sanitation Implementation in Vietnam: A Peri-Urban Case Study. IWA Journal: Water Science & Technology, Vol. 56 (2007), No. 5, pp 141 – 148.

26. 26 4. Conclusions and Recommendations Community-based sanitation Coordination role of local government Decentralized approach, step-by-step Low-cost technical solutions, innovations Institutional and financial mechanism to sustain the system IEC should go first and stay along with technical solutions to ensure political will, behavior change and system sustainability

27. 27 Thank you very much for your attention