1. Human
Reproduction

2. Sexual Reproduction in Human
testis
ovary
sperms
eggs (ova)
fertilization
zygote
Blastocyst
embryo
fetus
baby

4. External Male Reproductive Organs
Penis
Testes
Scrotum

5. The Penis
Tube-shaped organ that extends from trunk of the body just above the testes
Part of the body where semen is released (ejaculation)
Semen- thick fluid containing sperm and other secretions from the male reproductive system

6. Male Reproductive System
Scrotum – sac of skin that holds testes. Hangs below body to keep testes cool. Sperm cannot be produced if body is too warm. Testes move into scrotum just before birth.
Testis/testes –Made up of small, coiled tubes seminiferous tubules per testis. Immature sperm made here.
Secrete testosterone

7. Testis and epididymis epididymis vas deferens (sperm duct)
sperm tubules

8. Internal Male Reproductive Organs
Epididymis
Vas Deferens
Seminal Vesicles
Prostate Gland
Cowpers Gland
Urethra

9. Epididymis For temporarily storage of sperms
Where sperm Mature
During intercourse, muscles of epididymis contract to release sperms

10. Internal Organs
Vas deferens – tubes that extend from each epididymis to the urethra Cowper’s gland, Prostate Gland, & Seminal vesicles –secretions from these glands combine with sperm-containing fluid to form semen

11. Male Reproductive System
seminal vesicle
secrete seminal fluid
prostate gland
Cowper’s gland

12. Functions of Seminal Fluid
To provide a medium for the sperms to swim
To activate and nourish the sperms
To neutralize the acidity in the female reproductive tract
Seminal
Fluid
Semen
Sperms +

13. Male Reproductive System
8. Urinary bladder – stores urine
9. Rectum- holds waste
10. Urethra – passageway for excretion of urine and sperm to leave body. Vas deferens empties into urethra

14. Male Concerns Hernia- Part of body pushes through the muscle wall
Sterility- Sperm weak, may not be able to fertilize egg
Prostate Cancer- Uncontrolled growth of cells (radiation therapy/removal of prostate)
Testicular Cancer- Frequent in males (self-check)

15. Hernia

16. Preventing Problems Prevent STI’s Prevent trauma (athletic cups)
Prevent hernias (don’t lift things that are too heavy)

18. Male Reproductive System
Urinary Bladder
Seminal Vesicles
Prostate Gland
Urethra
Penis
Rectum
Epididymis
Cowper’s gland
Testes
Vas Deferens
Scrotum

20. Functions of Ovary Produce female gametes (ova/eggs)
For production of female sex hormones
Estrogen and Progesterone

21. Ovary
A female’s ovaries contain 400,000 immature eggs at birth. (all the eggs they will ever have)
Once a month during puberty, a mature egg is released into the fallopian tubes. This process is called ovulation.

22. Fallopian Tubes Carries the ovum (egg) forward by
the beating action of the cilia on its inner surface
the contraction of muscles of fallopian tube

23. Female Reproductive System
Fallopian tube – Each ovary is near but not connected to oviduct. Tube with funnel-like opening. Cilia line it to create a current that draws the egg into the tube. Egg is fertilized in the fallopian tube
3. Uterus – thick, muscular, pear-shaped organ. Once egg is fertilized it finishes its development in uterus attached to uterine wall

24. Female Reproductive System
Urinary bladder – storage of urine Urethra – passage of urine to outside of body Vagina (birth canal) – leads to outside of body from the uterus Cervix – narrow neck of uterus Rectum – passage for wastes

25. Ovulation The release of an ovum (egg) from an ovary
Every month, the fallopian tubes take turns releasing an egg. Right one month, left the next month

26. Female Reproductive System
Fallopian tube
ovary
uterus
cervix
vagina

27. Menstrual Cycle
Menstruation occurs once a month, due to the uterus preparing itself for possible pregnancy.
If pregnancy doesn’t occur, the uterine lining breaks down into blood, tissue, and fluids and is released through the vagina.

29. Female Concerns Infertility- Inability for female to become pregnant
Problems that can cause infertility
STD’S--PID Infection of the Fallopian Tubes
Blocked Fallopian Tubes- PID, Abdominal Surgery, Leading Cause Of Infertility
Endometriosis- Uterine tissue grows outside the uterus, often appearing on the ovaries, fallopian tubes and abdominal cavity

30. Other Female Reproductive Disorders
Vaginitis: Most common Vaginal infection in women of child bearing age. Caused by bacteria, accompanied by discharges, pain, itching…
Ovarian Cysts: Fluid filled sacs on the ovaries. Small and non-cancerous, usually they will disappear on their own. Larger cysts may require surgery

31. Problems related to menstruation:
Concerns
Problems related to menstruation:
Menstrual cramps- Cramps in abdominal occur during menstrual period
Dysmenorrhea- Painful contractions lasting 1-2 days
Amenorrhea- Lack of menstruation by age of 16 or stopping of cycle for 3 or more months
(PMS) Premenstrual Syndrome- Symptoms are: nervous tension, anxiety, irritability, bloating, wt gain, depression, mood swings
(TSS) Toxic Shock Syndrome- Caused by using tampons during period
~Bacteria produce a toxic poison that affects liver and the immune system
Symptoms: vomiting, dizziness, rash, kidney and liver damage, diarrhea

32. Pap Smear- Test to detect for abnormal cells in cervix
Trichomoniasis- A vaginal infection that can lead to urethra and bladder infections
Vaginitis- Most common vaginal infection in women of childbearing age
Symptoms: Discharge, odor, itching, pain
Ovarian Cysts- Fluid-filled sacs on the ovary. Small non-cancerous, usually disappear on their own. Larger cysts may need surgery

33. Self Exam should be performed once per month
Concerns continued…
Yeast Infection- Fungus, thick white cheesy discharge, foul odor, and severe itching
Sterility- Untreated STD, blockage of tubes, fertilization can not occur
Breast Cancer- Change in breast or nipple, lump or swelling in breast or armpit
Self Exam should be performed once per month
Mammogram- X-ray of the breast to locate any mass or tumor.
Cervical Cancer- Causes can include many sexual partners, early sexual activity, effects women between 20-30

34. Mammogram

35. Mammogram of breast

36. Preventing Problems Prevent STD’s Prevent vaginal irritation
Bathe regularly
Exercise regularly

37. Events Happened after Fertilization
Egg is fertilized in fallopian tubes
Fertilized ovum is carried to the uterus by
the beating cilia on the inner wall of oviduct
the contraction of muscles of fallopian tube
After reaching the uterus, the fertilized ovum fixed firmly onto the thick uterine wall----Implantation

38. Development of Human Foetus
uterus
foetus
placenta
umbilical cord
amnion
amniotic fluid
Video on foetus
development
Click here

39. Functions of the Uterus
During embryo development
Protect the embryo
Provide a constant environment for the embryo to develop
Allow placenta to attach on
During birth of baby
Push the baby out by muscular contraction
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40. Functions of the Amniotic Fluid
To keep the foetus moist to prevent dessication
As a water cushion to
support the foetus
allow it to move freely
absorb shock
protect the foetus from mechanical injuries
To reduce temperature fluctuation
To lubricate the vagina during birth
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41. The Placenta oxygenated blood from mother’s artery
deoxygenated blood to mother’s vein
villus
umbilical vein
umbilical artery

42. Functions of the Placenta
As a place of exchange of materials between mother and the foetus
For secreting hormones

43. Adaptations of the Placenta
Finger-like villi
to increase the surface area for efficient diffusion
Maternal blood and foetal blood flows in opposite direction
to speed up diffusion of materials between them
Maternal blood capillaries and foetal blood capillaries are separated by thin membrane
to shorten the distance of diffusion of materials

44. Adaptations of the Placenta
Maternal blood is separated from foetal blood by capillary wall
to prevent high pressure of maternal blood to break the delicate foetal blood vessels
to prevent harmful substances to enter the foetus
to prevent clotting of maternal and foetal blood if their blood groups are incompatible
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45. The Birth Process Onset of labour
Uterine muscles begin to make rhythmic contractions
Contractions gradually become stronger and closer

46. The Birth Process
Further contractions push the placenta out of the body
“After birth”
Muscular contractions push the foetus head first through the vagina, and the umbilical cord is cut and tied
Uterine contractions causes amnion to break and amniotic fluid to escape out of the vagina
Dilation of cervix allow the head of the foetus to pass through

47. Could you survive
after birth without
the care of your
parents?

48. Parental Care To increase the chance of survival of the young
Mother feeds milk to the baby
Milk provides the babies with a balanced diet
It also contains antibodies which defend the babies against infection

49. Birth Control Human population increases exponentially
leads to storage of resources
problem of pollution becomes more serious
overcrowding

50. Using
contraception
methods
What can we do?

51. Rhythm Method
Prevent copulation during 7 days before and after ovulation (fertile period)

52. Condom Male and female condom
As a barrier to prevent sperms from entering the vagina

53. Diaphragm
Fitted over the cervix
To be used together with spermicides

54. Contraceptive Pills Contains hormones which inhibit ovulation
Must be taken regularly
May have side effect

55. Surgical Methods Tubal ligation Vasectomy
Cutting and tying of oviducts
Vasectomy
Cutting and tying of sperm ducts