1. Bureaucracy in a Democracy

2. Bureaucracy Basics
Most private and public organizations are bureaucracies
Means “rule by office or desk”
A hierarchical organization design to accomplish policy goals/decisions.
Basis for efficient, efficacious, operations
Public examples - USPS, DOD, DOT, FEMA, CDC

3. Bureaucrats Public bureaucracies usually draw criticism not praise.
Bureaucrats perform the day-to-day tasks of the federal government.
Bureaucrats
— maintain a paper trail,
— communicate,
— implement policy through rulemaking,
— adjudicate disputes.

4. Growth of the Federal Bureaucracy
State, Tres, War and Justice
Interior
Agriculture
Commerce and Labor
HHS
HUD
DOT
Energy VA
Home Land Security
employees
,000 employees
million employees
million employees
About 3,000 appointed by President

5. Federal Agencies and Their Respective Numbers of Civilian Employees
15-2

6. Government Employment at Federal, State, and Local Levels
15-3

7. Federal Bureaucracy As a % of Total Workforce
Figure 15.1

8. Ethnic Makeup

9. Types of Bureaucracies
Executive Office of President
Executive Departments
Independent Agencies
Independent Regulatory Commissions
Government Corporations

10. Organization Chart of the Federal Government
15-5

11. Cabinet Departments Fifteen Departments Three Layered Levels
Secretary and Deputy
Undersecretaries
Bureau Level Service Agencies

12. Independent Agencies
Bureaucratic agency not included in cabinet department headed by single individual
CIA
NASA
General Services Administration (GSA)
Small Business Administration (SBA)
National Science Foundation (NSF)

13. Independent Regulatory Commissions
Agency outside the cabinet headed by a commission regulating a specific industry or economic activity
Interstate Commerce Commission
abolished in 1995
Civil Aeronautics Board
abolished in 1985
Securities and Exchange Commission
Federal Communications Commission

14. Government Corporations
Government agency run like a business so as to operate on self created revenue not taxes.
USPS
National Railroad Passenger Corp (Amtrak)
FDIC

15. Bureaucrats - Civil Servants
“Government by Gentleman”
Jacksonian “spoils system”
party loyalists and campaign staff
The Civil Service System is based on merit and replaced the spoils system with the Civil Service Reform Act
Civil Service Reform Act of 1978
Includes the OPM (in EOP) and a Merit Pay System with tenure and appointments.
Whistle-blower protection

16. Controlling the Bureaucracy
Presidents Power
Congresses Role
Special Interest Groups
Courts

17. Presidents Power Has limits
Article II, Section 3 “ ..he shall take care that the laws are faithfully executed….”
Size and Diversity make it a challenging task
1.7 million employees in cabinet departments
1.0 million employees in independent agencies
Commitment to specialty not President
Budget process can be as a control tool

18. Congress and Bureaucracy
Congress creates agencies through legislative process
Can control the conduct of the federal bureaucracy through appointment confirmations, oversight and the appropriations process.
Oversight research tools
GAO, CBO, CRS
Republican staff cuts in late 90s caused reductions in oversight

19. Termination
Termination is the only certain way to reduce the size of the bureaucracy.
Become very politicized and parochial
Because of clientele relationships, it is practically impossible to terminate an agency.

20. Devolution
Devolution is a policy of removing programs from federal control and placing them under the direction of state and local governments.
Problems with unequal assumption of responsibilities by states.

21. Privatization
Privatization is the process of removing all or part of a program from the public sector and turning its operation over to the private sector.
Bush wants to move 850,000 federal jobs to the private sector.

22. Special Interest Groups
Lobbying
Going public
grassroots and issue advocacy
Litigation
Iron Triangle

23. Three Iron Triangles
Figure 15.4

24. Courts Judicial review of constitutionality
Procedural fairness - groups must be given notice to comment on new rules and procedures.
Interpreting practices - rules are reasonable in light of available evidence.

25. Regulation Types Economic - shape/limit industry or business practices
Social
Regulatory quasi -legislative
Regulatory quasi-judicial

26. Regulation Process Constitution Congress President Laws Agencies
Individuals or Businesses Code of Regulations